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ELLEN  H,,RiCHA,FDS 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY -OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


WORKS  OF  ELLEN  H.  RICHARDS 

PUBLISHED   BY 

JOHN   WILEY    &  SONS 
43-45  East  Nineteenth  Street,  New  York 


Laboratory  Notes  on   Industrial    Water    Analysis:    A 

Survey  Course  for  Engineers. 
8vo,  52  pages.     Cloth,  50c  net. 
The  Cost  of  Cleanness. 

12mo,  v  +  109   pages.     Cloth.     $1.00. 

The  Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science. 
Third  Edition,  Revised.  12mo.  164  pages.  Cloth. 
$1.00. 

Air,  Water,  and  Food,  From  a  Sanitary  Standpoint. 
By  Ellen  H.  Richards,  with  the  assistance  of  Alpheus 
G.  Woodman,  Instructors  in  Sanitary  Chemistry  in 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.     Second 
Edition,  Revised.     8vo.     270  pages.     Cloth.     $2.00. 

The  Cost  of  Food  :  A  Study  in  Dietaries. 
12mo.     161  pages.     Cloth.       $1.00. 

The  Dietary  Computer. 

By  Ellen  H.  Richards,  Instructor  in  Sanitary  Chem- 
istry, Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  assisted 
by  Louise  Harding  Williams.  $1.50  net.  Pamphlet 
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The  Cost  of  Shelter. 

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"  Cost  of  Living  "  Series. 

1.  Cost  of  Living.  2.  Cost  of  Food.  3.  Cost  of 
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Published  by  WHITCOMB   &   BARROWS 
Huntington  Chambers 

The  Chemistry  of  Cooking  and  Cleaning. 

By    Ellen   H.  Richards  and  S.  Maria  Elliott.      168 
pages.    Cloth.     $1.00. 
Food  Materials  and  their  Adulterations. 
183  pages.     Cloth.     $1.00. 

Revised  Edition.     Edited  by  Ellen  H.  Richards  and 
Marion  Talbot.     85  pages.     Paper.     25c. 

Plain  Words  about  Pood. 

The    Rumford    Leaflets.      Illustrated.       176  pages. 

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The  Art  of  Right-Living. 

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LABORATORY  NOTES 

ON 

INDUSTRIAL  WATER  ANALYSIS 


A  SURVEY  COURSE  FOR 
ENGINEERS 


BY 

ELLEN  H.  RICHARDS 

INSTRUCTOR   IN  SANITARY  CHEMISTRY,    MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE 
OF   TECHNOLOGY 


FIRST  EDITION 
FIRST    THOUSAND 


^I»RA.R^ 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSH 

or 


NEW   YORK 

JOHN   WILEY    &   SONS 

LONDON:   CHAPMAN   &   HALL^  LIMITED 
1908 


COPYBIQHT,  1908, 
BY 

ELLEN  H.  RICHARDS. 


Stanhope  ]prcss 

H.    GILSON     COMPANY 
BOSTON.     U.S.A. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 1-3 

FIRST  LABORATORY  EXERCISE 4-8 

SECOND  LABORATORY  EXERCISE 9-11 

THIRD  LABORATORY  EXERCISE 12-16 

FOURTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE 17-25 

FIFTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE 26-28 

PART   H. 

STANDARD  SOLUTIONS 29-36 

COMPUTATION  OF  HYPOTHETICAL  COMBINATIONS 37-38 

PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  SALINITY  IN  VARIOUS  WATERS    .  39 

TABLES 40-46 

CONVENIENT  DATA 47 

SOME  USEFUL  REFERENCES  48 


1.78  5  26 


.-. 

OF  TH£    "* 


JVERSn 

OF 

TORNlA    . 


LABORATOKY   NOTES    ON   INDUSTRIAL 
WATER   ANALYSIS. 


PART  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

WATER  is  needed  for  many  uses,  the  quality  desired  varying 
with  the  needs  of  the  industry.  The  quality  of  water  found 
depends  upon  the  geological  formations  over  which  it  flows  or 
through  which  it  percolates,  and  upon  the  previous  use  which 
man  has  made  of  it.  Because  of  the  growing  scarcity  of  the 
supply,  the  increasing  use  per  capita,  the  congestion  of  popula- 
tion and  the  occupation  of  even  the  desert  and  mountain  slope, 
the  securing  of  either  safe  potable  water  or  water  suited  to 
manufacturing  purposes  becomes  more  and  more  difficult,  and 
there  is  demanded  a  closer  study  of  the  country's  resources  and 
of  waters  suited  to  the  different  uses. 

Restrictions  will  undoubtedly  be  adopted  in  the  near  future 
preventing  not  only  sheer  waste  and  pollution,  but  assigning 
various  supplies  to  the  most  suitable  uses.  In  other  words, 
certain  sources  of  water  supply  must  be  saved  for  the  most 
important  needs,  and  certain  other  sources  must  be  so  treated 
as  to  make  them  usable.  Water  unsatisfactory  for  one  purpose 
may  be  or  may  be  made  quite  satisfactory  for  another. 

The  present  generation  of  engineers  may  not  be  confronted 
with  these  problems,  but  the  students  now  in  training  will  cer- 

1 


2  LABORATORY  NOTES 

tainly  meet  them,  and  should  go  to  them  untrammeled  by  the 
practice  of  the  past. 

Leaving  aside  potable  water,  there  is  a  demand  for  water  for 
steam,  for  dyeing  and  textile  manufacturing,  for  brewing,  for 
chemical  processes,  etc.  While  each  industry  has  its  own 
peculiar  requirements  to  be  determined  by  the  expert  chemist, 
yet  the  engineer,  in  deciding  upon  recommendations,  is  often 
required  to  estimate  the  value  of  water  for  general  purposes.  It 
is  of  great  service  to  him  if  he  is  able  to  reject  at  once,  to  classify 
as  good,  or  to  put  into  the  doubtful  category  the  samples  he  is 
examining.  If  this  can  be  done  in  the  field  or  in  the  office,  so 
much  the  better.  The  one  essential  point  is  that  the  engineer 
should  recognize  both  his  own  limitations  and  those  of  the 
method  he  employs.  A  trained  and  experienced  chemist  may 
see  more  meaning  in  a  given  reaction  than  the  ordinary  observer. 
A  given  test  may  reveal  only  a  part  of  the  truth,  or,  in  unusual 
circumstances,  it  may  be  misleading. 

But  with  all  these  risks  of  imperfect  work,  there  are  many 
occasions  when  a  little  knowledge  is  a  wholly  valuable  possession, 
so  that  it  is  worth  while  for  the  student  to  spend  thirty  hours  on 
a  series  of  experiments  which  will  indicate  methods  of  attack 
and  may  save  weeks  in  the  future. 


Water  taken  from  the  deep  ground  is  a  sort  of  residual  mother 
liquor  derived  from  years  of  time  and  miles  of  travel.  Surface 
waters  are  usually  mixed  with  more  or  less  ground  water. 

The  evaporation  of  water  for  steam  involves  a  concentration 
of  whatever  the  feed  water  holds  in  suspension  or  solution,  leav- 
ing in  the  boiler  a  thick  mud  or  a  coating  of  more  or  less  stony 
scale.  This  is  a  detriment  to  the  efficiency  of  the  boiler  as  an 
evaporator  and  to  its  strength  as  well.  It  follows,  therefore, 


LABORATORY   NOTES  3 

that  a  good  water  for  steam  production  should  be  fairly  free 
from  suspended  clay  and  earth,  from  silica,  and  from  easily 
precipitated  iron  compounds,  from  calcium  and  magnesium 
bicarbonates,  which  are  precipitated  on  boiling,  and  from 
carbonates  and  sulphates,  which  are  left  as  a  residue  on 
evaporation. 

The  more  friable  substances  may  be  removed  to  a  great  extent 
by  frequent  "  blowing  off."  This  involves  some  waste  of  power, 
and  involves  much  inconvenience.  The  stony  substance  may 
be,  to  a  certain  extent,  converted  to  a  friable  condition  by  chemi- 
cal reaction,  loosened  by  kerosene,  or  prevented  from  adhering 
by  the  use  of  organic  substances.  The  deposition  of  scale  is 
not  the  only  danger  to  be  guarded  against.  Certain  waters 
attack  the  metals  composing  the  boiler  shell  and  tubes,  often 
dissolving  so  much  that  essential  parts  are  thereby  weakened. 
Such  waters  are  as  uneconomical  and  dangerous  for  steam 
making  as  are  hard  waters.  Magnesium  chloride  and  nitrates 
are  objectionable  for  this  reason.  For  manufacturing  purposes 
there  are  special  requirements  to  be  considered  under  each  case. 

In  this  short  course  only  special  methods  are  considered, 
leaving  out  the  ordinary  analytical  processes  to  be  found  in 
text-books. 


FIRST  LABORATORY  EXERCISE. 

To  classify  the  sample  in  hand,  use  the  following  preliminary 
tests.  Note  appearance  —  much  or  little  color,  turbidity, 
sediment,  organisms,  etc.  —  as  a  guide  to  the  final  conclusion. 

Keep  the  sample  well  mixed  without  violent  shaking,  to 
insure  uniformity  of  successive  portions  taken. 

Examine  the  waters  for  division  into  general  classes,  as  follows : 

I.   Scale-forming, 

relay  and  mud,  bicarbonates  Ca 
(a)   Friable  deposits :{ 

I    and  Mg;  carbonates  Ca,  Mg,  Fe. 

chiefly  calcium  sulphate,  or  iron 


(b)  Stony  deposits: 


carbonate  and  silica,  cement- 


ing other  substances. 
II.   Moderate  scale-forming,  easily  controlled, 

(a)  Natural    waters,    not    carrying    great   excess    of 

mineral  substances. 

(b)  Effluents  from  alum  or  iron  sulphate  filters. 
III.  Non-scale  forming,  but  corrosive, 

(a)  Natural,  soft,   clear  or  colored  waters,  carrying 

strong  acid  reaction  from  C02  or  "humic"  acids. 
May  be  high  in  organic  matter. 

(b)  Waters  carrying  magnesium  chloride. 

(c)  Polluted  waters  carrying  bacterial  products,  or- 

ganic or  other  acids,  ammonia,  etc.;  i.e.,  rivers 
acting  as  sewers. 

(d)  Contaminated  waters  carrying  chlorides,  nitrates, 

etc.;    i.e.,   wells   and   "organic   matter  free" 
effluents. 


FIRST  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  5 

IV.  In  certain  sections  of  the  country  another  class  of  natural 
waters  occur  carrying  sodium  salts  chiefly,  alkaline  in  character. 
These  cause  foaming  or  priming,  and  illustrate  the  care  to  be 
taken  in  the  use  of  sodium  carbonate  as  a  remedy.  These 
waters  will  be  indicated  by  a  negative  result  in  titration  for  per- 
manent hardness.  An  excess  of  organic  matter  also  often  causes 
foaming. 

Examine  the  three  waters  assigned  and  place  them  in  the 
proper  class,  I,  II,  or  III,  by  comparative  qualitative  or  quanti- 
tative tests,  for — total  hardness,  sulphates,  carbonates,  chlorides, 
color,  carbon  dioxide,  nitrates,  ammonia,  and  iron,  by  described 
methods.  For  instance,  comparison  with  standards  for  color 
and  for  ammonia;  by  titration  for  carbon  dioxide,  and,  if  desir- 
able, for  organic  matter;  by  evaporation  to  determine  nitrates 
and  iron. 

Preliminary  "Hardness  "  Test.  10  cc.  of  the  water  is  measured 
into  the  test  bottle  H,  and  40  cc.  of  distilled  water  added. 
From  the  soap  solution  burette  1  cc.  is  run  into  the  bottle  H 
(about  6  cm.  wide  by  12  cm.  high  to  the  shoulder),  glass 
stoppered.  The  contents  are  well  shaken,  and  if  no  foam  or 
"  lather  "  remains  add  successive  portions  of  1  cc.  each,  until 
a  partial  covering  of  the  surface  is  noted;  then  0.5,  and,  finally, 
0.2  cc.  at  each  addition,  until  the  surface  is  just  covered  with  a 
white  foam  at  the  end  of  five  minutes,  the  bottle  H  lying  on  its 
side.  If  not  more  than  2  cc.  of  the  soap  solution  have  been 
used,  the  water  contains  at  most  about  97  parts  per  million  of 
calcium  and  magnesium  salts,  and  is  "  soft."  Use  Table  No.  II. 
For  a  closer  determination  of  soft  water  make  another  test,  using 
50  cc.  of  the  water  without  dilution,  Class  III.  Use  Table  No.  I. 

If  5  cc.  of  the  soap  solution  have  been  used,  the  water 
contains  about  300  parts  and  is  "  hard,"  Class  II.  If  8  or 


6  LABORATORY  NOTES 

10  cc.,  500  or  600  parts,  and  the  water  is  very  hard,  Class  I, 
and  no  further  test  is  made.  If  the  first  foam  disappears  at 
the  end  of  three  minutes  and  more  is  required  to  secure  a 
permanent  (for  five  minutes)  foam,  magnesium  is  indicated. 
Much  magnesium  gives  also  a  characteristic  curdy  scum.  If 
no  foam  is  permanent  with  10  cc.  of  soap  solution  the  water  is 
too  hard  to  be  tested  by  this  strength  of  soap  solution.  For 
double  strength  see  Tables  III  and  IV. 

In  order  to  gain  some  knowledge  of  the  samples  as  an  aid 
in  future  procedures,  from  each  sample  of  water  take  two 
portions  of  about  10  cc.  each;  pour  into  two  test  tubes.  To  the 
first  test  tube  add  a  few  drops  of  silver  nitrate,  AgN03.  Note 
amount  and  character  of  the  resulting  precipitate,  then  add  a 
few  drops  of  dilute  nitric  acid,  HN03.  Note  the  permanence  or 
disappearance  of  all  or  a  greater  portion  of  the  precipitate. 
Silver  carbonate  will  be  dissolved;  silver  chloride  will  not;  thus 
both  carbonates  and  chlorides  are  indicated  by  the  same  test. 
If  only  a  slight  milkiness  remains,  the  sample  must  be  con- 
centrated (100  cc.  or  250  cc.  to  25  cc.)  before  testing  for  exact 
amount  of  chlorine.  The  water  is  probably  Class  III,  but  is  not 
rigidly  classified  by  this  test. 

To  the  second  test  tube  add  a  few  drops  of  barium  chloride, 
BaCLj.  Note  amount  of  precipitate,  then  add  a  few  drops  of 
dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  HC1.  If  the  precipitate  perceptibly 
disappears,  carbonates  as  well  as  sulphates  are  present.  If  a 
heavy  precipitate  remains,  the  turbidimeter  may  be  used  with 
the  unconcentrated  water,  Class  I.  Otherwise,  200  cc.  to  500  cc. 
are  to  be  put  on  the  water  bath  to  concentrate.  If  there  is  no 
perceptible  precipitate  on  standing,  no  further  test  is  needed. 
The  water  is  probably  Class  II,  but  is  not  rigidly  classified  by 
this  test. 


FIRST  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  7 

Excess  of  Carbon  Dioxide.  Class  III  or  II,  rarely  I.  Titrate 
100  cc.  of  the  original  water  to  be  tested  in  a  graduated  100  cc. 
Nessler  tube  with  sodium  carbonate  to  absorb  the  "  free  " 

or  excess  C02  yielding   sodium    bicarbonate.     If  —  Na2C03is 

ou 

used,  multiply  the  cc.  required  to  produce  a  permanent  faintly 
pink  color  by  10  to  give  parts  per  million  of  calcium  carbonate 

to  the  excess  C02.     If  —  Na2C03  is  used,  each  cc. 


water  made  alkaline  with  3  cc.  KOH.  Holding  the  "tubes  close 
together,  run  in  standard  solution  from  the  burette  with  fre- 
quent rotation  until  the  colors  match.  If  more  than  25  cc.  of 
the  standard  is  required,  discard  these  solutions  and  evapo- 
rate 1  cc.  or  even  J  cc.  for  a  new  test.  On  the  other  hand,  if 


6  LABORATORY  NOTES 

10  cc.,  500  or  600  parts,  and  the  water  is  very  hard,  Class  I, 
and  no  further  test  is  made.  If  the  first  foam  disappears  at 
the  end  of  three  minutes  and  more  is  required  to  secure  a 
permanent  (for  five  minutes)  foam,  magnesium  is  indicated. 
Much  magnesium  gives  also  a  characteristic  curdy  scum.  If 
no  foam  is  permanent  with  10  cc.  of  soap  solution  the  water  is 
too  hard  to  be  tested  by  this  strength  of  soap  solution.  For 
st.rpncrt.h  spifi  Tables  III  and  IV. 


ERRATA. 

Page    7,  line    8,  "g."  not  "ing." 

"  20,    "    12,  "  sulphanilic,"  not  "  sulphuric  ";  "naphthylamine.'1 

"  21,     "    20,  insert  after  "  tested  "  :     "  Add  10  cc.  sulphuric  acid  (1 :  3)." 

"  32,     "      2  from  bottom,  "  liter,"  instead  of  "like." 

"  u       "      1     "  "         "oxygen."     Not  "Oxygen." 

"  "       "      1     "  "         "  -fa "  begins  new  sentence. 

"  33,     "      1,  "0,"  instead  of  "0°." 

"  "       "      2,  "oxygen,"  instead  of  "  Oxygen." 

"  34.     "    17,  "0.00001  gram  Fe." 

"  "       "    18,  "  Sulphocyanate,"  not  "ide." 

"  35,     "      9,  insert  "a"  before  "naphthylamine  " 

"  44,  last  line,  "  53.6, "  instead  of  "  15.6  cc.  water." 

"  48,  line  12,  "  Eng.  Record,"  instead  of  "  Report." 

"  "      "     20,  add  after  "Society,"  "Vol.  25,  p.  394." 

"  "      "     21,  after  "  Walker,"  add  "Vol.  29,  p.  1251." 


the  unconcentrated  water,  Class  I.  Otherwise,  200  cc.  to  500  cc. 
are  to  be  put  on  the  water  bath  to  concentrate.  If  there  is  no 
perceptible  precipitate  on  standing,  no  further  test  is  needed. 
The  water  is  probably  Class  II,  but  is  not  rigidly  classified  by 
this  test. 


FIRST  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  7 

Excess  of  Carbon  Dioxide.  Class  III  or  II,  rarely  I.  Titrate 
100  cc.  of  the  original  water  to  be  tested  in  a  graduated  100  cc. 
Nessler  tube  with  sodium  carbonate  to  absorb  the  "  free  " 

or  excess  C02  yielding   sodium    bicarbonate.     If  -£-  Na2C03  is 

ou 

used,  multiply  the  cc.  required  to  produce  a  permanent  faintly 
pink  color  by  10  to  give  parts  per  million  of  calcium  carbonate 

79 

equivalent  to  the  excess  C02.     If  —  Na2C03  is  used,  each  cc. 

2'2 

is  equivalent  to  0.001  j|g.  of  C02. 

Phenolphthalein  is  used  as  indicator,  and  may  be  added  to 
the  sodium  carbonate  solution  when  made  up. 

Determination  of  Nitrates.  With  a  burette  pipette  take 
from  each  sample  (clarified  by  milk  of  alumina  if  turbid  or 
colored)  two  portions,  one  of  2  cc.  and  one  of  5  cc.,  run  into 
3-inch  porcelain  dishes;  place  on  the  top  of  the  water  bath  to 
evaporate  for  the  determination  of  nitrates.  When  just  dry, 
cool  and  add  six  drops  of  phenol-di-sulphonic  acid.  With  a 
short  bent  glass  rod,  cause  the  acid  to  cover  all  the  residue;  add 
water  from  the  automatic  pipette  or  from  a  graduate  to  dilute 
the  acid.  Make  alkaline  and  note  color,  if  any.  The  amount  of 
nitrates  present  may  be  estimated  by  matching  this  color  with 
the  color  produced  by  a  known  amount  of  solution,  1  cc.  = 
0.000001  gram  N.  Select  two  tubes  of  equal  diameter,  thickness 
and  shade  of  glass,  of  50  or  100  cc.  capacity.  Rinse  the  con- 
tents of  the  dish  into  one  of  these  and  make  up  to  the  graduation 
with  distilled  water.  Fill  the  other  tube  half  full  of  distilled 
water  made  alkaline  with  3  cc.  KOH.  Holding  the  tubes  close 
together,  run  in  standard  solution  from  the  burette  with  fre- 
quent rotation  until  the  colors  match.  If  more  than  25  cc.  of 
the  standard  is  required,  discard  these  solutions  and  evapo- 
rate 1  cc.  or  even  J  cc.  for  a  new  test.  On  the  other  hand,  if 


8  LABORATORY  NOTES 

the  color  in  the  porcelain  dish  is  very  slight  it  may  be  matched 
directly,  using  a  similar  dish.  The  number  of  cc.  of  standard 
used  divided  by  the  number  of  cc.  of  sample  evaporated  gives 
the  parts  per  million. 

In  the  field  it  may  be  more  convenient  to  use  the  Brucine 
method  as  follows:  to  1  cc.  of  the  water  in  a  3-inch  porcelain 
dish  add  2  cc.  concentrated  H2S04;  cool;  fold  a  piece  of  solid 
Brucine,  about  the  size  of  a  B.B.  shot,  in  a  7  cm.  filter.  Place 
the  paper  on  the  side  of  the  dish,  washing  it  with  the  solution 
by  a  rotary  motion.  The  appearance  of  a  bright  pink  color 
of  greater  or  less  intensity  proves  the  presence  of  nitrates  in 
greater  or  less  amount.  The  yellow  color  which  results  in  a 
few  minutes  may  be  used  to  compare  with  standards.  This 
method  will  detect  five  parts  or  more  of  nitrates  per  million. 

These  preliminary  tests  will  show  whether  the  water  is 
incrustant  or  corrosive,  and  will  give  an  approximate  idea  of  the 
quantities  of  each  important  constituent,  so  that  in  the  quan- 
titative analysis  to  follow,  certain  tests  may  be  omitted.  For 
instance,  if  silver  nitrate  (solution  25  grams  to  the  liter)  causes 
no  perceptible  cloudiness,  it  may  be  assumed  that  chlorine 
exists  in  less  amount  than  two  parts  per  million.  If  barium 
chloride  causes  no  perceptible  cloudiness,  sulphates  are  so  low 
as  to  be  neglected  for  general  uses. 

If  the  water  is  "  soft "  (less  than  100  parts  per  million),  no 
tests  for  incrustants  need  be  subsequently  applied,  but  atten- 
tion may  be  concentrated  on  its  corrosive  qualities. 

In  Class  I  if  sulphates  are  predominant,  treatment  will  be 
required.  Treatment  with  alcohol  and  the  use  of  the  turbidi- 
meter  as  described  on  page  10  will  probably  give  good  results. 

If  the  chlorides,  etc.,  predominate,  other  more  satisfactory 
tests  are  to  be  applied. 


SECOND  LABORATORY   EXERCISE. 

DETERMINATION  OF   AMOUNT  OF  SCALE-FORMING  MATERIAL  IN  CLASS  I  OR 

CLASS  II,  AND  OF  TOTAL  SOLIDS. 
DETERMINATION  OF  IRON  IN  SOME  CASES. 
DETERMINATION  OF  SULPHATES  BY  THE  TURBIDIMETER  OR  OTHERWISE. 

Total  Solids.  Evaporate  100  to  200  cc.  of  the  sample  to  dry- 
ness  on  a  water  bath  according  to  observed  hardness  in  a 
tared  platinum  dish.  Dry  in  the  oven  at  100°  C.  or  110°  C.  for 
two  hours.  Waters  high  in  chlorides  absorb  moisture  very 
rapidly  and  dry  with  difficulty.  Cool  the  dish  in  a  sulphuric 
acid  desiccator  and  weigh  quickly.  Use  the  residue  for  incrus- 
tants  or  for  iron  determination. 

Incrustants  by  Non-Solution.  Treat  the  residue  three  times 
with  60  per  cent  alcohol,  allowing  it  to  stand  20  minutes  each 
time.  Decant  carefully  after  each  treatment  (it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  filter  if  a  flocculent  precipitate  floats,  the  small  ashless 
filter  being  held  in  a  twisted  wire  and  ignited  over  the  dish). 
Dry  the  dish,  cool  and  weigh  as  before.  This  residue  gives  an 
approximate  per  cent,  i.e.,  an  estimate  of  the  non-soluble  material 
the  water  will  yield  on  evaporation. 

Determination  of  Iron.  If  not  used  for  incrustants,  the 
residue  from  total  solids  determination  is  treated  with  5  cc. 
HC1  (I-I),  warming  if  solution  is  not  immediate.  Wash  out 
into  a  100  cc.  Nessler  tube  with  distilled  water  to  the  50  cc. 
mark.  Oxidize  the  possible  ferrous  compounds  to  ferric  by  a 
few  drops  of  potassium  permanganate.  The  pink  color  should 
persist  5  minutes.  Make  up  a  blank  with  50  cc.  distilled  water 
and  1  cc.  HC1  (I-I).  To  the  sample  prepared  as  above  and 


10  LABORATORY  NOTES 

to  the  blank  add  15  cc.  potassium  sulphocyanate,  KCyS. 
Place  in  a  good  light.  To  the  blank  add  from  a  finely  graduated 
1  cc.  pipette,  standard  iron  solution  one-tenth  cc.  at  a  time, 
rotating  the  tube  to  mix  each  time,  until  the  red  color  matches 
the  color  of  the  sample.  The  standard  iron  contains  0.00001 
gram  Fe  in  1  cc. 

Sulphates  by  Turbidimeter.  The  opacity  is  due  to  sulphates 
precipitated  as  barium  sulphate,  BaS04,  finely  divided,  and 
remaining  in  suspension,  unless  the  sulphates  are  present  in 
large  amount. 

Operation.  To  100  cc.  of  water  add  HC1  sufficient  to  acidify 
(about  1  cc.)  and  1-2  grams  BaCl2.  Shake  until  dissolved. 
Pour  slowly  into  the  graduated  tube  of  the  turbidimeter  (keep- 
ing the  outside  perfectly  dry)  until  the  flame  beneath  just  dis- 
appears when  looking  down  through  the  liquid.  Caution: 
The  tube  must  not  be  placed  over  the  flame  when  empty. 
Calculate,  after  first  noting  height  of  liquid  in  cm.  amount  of 

SO3,  from  formula   X  --     Q-°57^  where  X  =  amount  of  S03 

present,  y  =  height  of  liquid  in  cm.,  or  from  Table  No.  V. 
Waters  containing  80-300  parts  per  million  read  directly;  if 
less,  concentrate,  if  more,  dilute  before  precipitation.  The 
most  accurate  readings  are  those  obtained  in  the  upper  half  of 
the  tube. 

Determine  grams  of  S04  from  S03  by  the  ratio  of  molecular 
weights.  As  molecular  weight  of  S04  =  96,  and  of  S03  =  80, 
multiply  grams  of  S03  obtained  by  f  f ,  or  f ,  to  obtain  grams 
of  S04.  The  successful  use  of  the  turbidimeter  requires  a 
little  practice  and  care  in  securing  a  steady  pointed  flame, 
and  careful  and  frequent  mixing  of  the  solution  to  prevent 
the  heavy  precipitate  from  settling  out.  Sulphates  may  also 


SECOND  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  11 

be  determined  by  the  usual  gravimetric  method,  or  by  titra- 
tion  with  potassium  chromate  (Wehrenfennig,  p.  28),  as 
follows:  Remove  the  bicarbonates  from  200  cc.  of  the  water 
to  be  tested  by  boiling  15  minutes,  taking  care  to  keep  the 
volume  by  replacing  the  loss  with  distilled  water,  to  prevent  the 
precipitation  of  calcium  sulphate  by  concentration.  Decant, 
or  filter  100  cc.  into  a  graduated  150  cc.  flask;  add  10  to  20  cc. 

• —  barium  chloride,  according  to  amount  of  sulphate  present. 

/Y\ 

Heat  5  minutes  and  add  from  a  burette  —  potassium  chromate 

until  the  supernatant  liquid  shows  a  faint  but  distinct  yellow. 
Cool,  fill  to  the  mark  with  distilled  water,  filter  100  cc.  into  a 
Nessler  tube.  Make  a  blank  with  distilled  water  in  a  com- 
panion tube,  running  in  from  the  burette  sufficient  potassium 
chromate  to  match  the  color.  The  difference  between  the 
number  of  cc.  used  with  the  sample  and  with  the  blank,  mul- 
tiplied by  f,  subtracted  from  the  number  of  cc.  of  barium 
chloride  used,  multiplied  by  40,  gives  parts  per  million. 


THIRD  LABORATORY  EXERCISE. 

Alkalinity  (including  "  temporary  hardness ")  comprises 
the  carbonates  and  hydrates  which  will  react  with  added  sul- 
phuric acid.  It  is  frequently  necessary  to  determine  this  before 
deciding  upon  treatment. 

Magnesium  as  hydrate,  set  free  by  calcium  hydrate,  may  be 
determined  in  the  same  solution. 

Permanent  Hardness.  Calcium  and  magnesium  sulphates 
which  will  react  with  added  sodium  or  potassium  carbonates  or 
hydrates,  but  which  is  not  removed  without  such  reaction. 

Alkalinity  by  Titration.     Measure  100  cc.  of  the  sample  into 

79 

a  200  cc.  graduated  flask  and  titrate  with  —  H2S04,  using 

ou 

methyl  orange  as  an  indicator.  The  number  of  cc.  of  acid  used 
multiplied  by  10  gives  parts  per  million  calcium  carbonate 
corresponding  to  the  alkalinity.  This  value  multiplied  by  3.42 
gives  the  weight  of  aluminum  sulphate  A12(S04)3  which  the 
water  will  decompose  and  by  4.74  gives  the  weight  of  alum, 
KA1(S04)2  .  12  H20.  When  lacmoid  is  used  as  an  indicator, 
measure  100  cc.  into  a  6-inch  porcelain  evaporating  dish;  add 
0.5  cc.  of  lacmoid  solution  (2  grams  in  one  liter  of  50  per  cent 

alcohol).     Heat  until  nearly  boiling,   run  in  the  —  sulphuric 

50 

acid,  as  before,  until  a  reddish-purple  takes  the  place  of  the  blue 
color.  Heat  again,  and  if  the  blue  returns  drop  the  acid 
cautiously  into  the  middle  of  the  dish,  noting  any  change  in 
color  as  the  drop  spreads.  Read  the  burette  for  the  total 

number  of  cc.  used. 

12 


THIRD   LABORATORY   EXERCISE  13 

When  heat  is  not  desirable  or  available,  and  methyl  orange 
is  objected  to,  100  cc.  may  be  measured  into  a  250  cc.  white 
glass-stoppered  bottle,  2.5  cc.  erythrosine  solution  (0.1  gm. 
of  the  sodium  salt  in  one  liter  of  distilled  water),  added  together 

with  5  cc.  of  chloroform  (neutral  to  erythrosine),  and  the  — 

oO 

acid  run  in  a  few  drops  at  a  time.  The  bottle  must  be  shaken 
vigorously.  The  rose  color  should  slowly  disappear  until  a 
white  paper  held  back  of  the  bottle  fails  to  reveal  a  trace  of 
pink  in  the  liquid  above  the  chloroform. 

For  magnesium,  use  the  already  titrated  sample  by  boiling 
for  15  minutes  in  the  flask,  then  adding  from  a  burette  (closed 
circuit)  25  cc.  or  for  waters  high  in  magnesium  50  cc.  saturated 
"  lime  water,"  calcium  hydrate,  and  allow  to  stand  on  the 
water  bath  or  hot  plate  15  minutes  longer.  The  200  cc.  flask 
should  have  an  additional  graduation  at  205  cc.  to  allow  for 
the  expansion  of  the  liquid  from  17°-100°  C.  At  the  end 
of  the  15  minutes,  fill  to  the  205  cc.  mark  with  boiling  distilled 
water,  mix  and  filter  quickly  into  a  graduated  cylinder,  and 
reject  the  first  30  or  40  cc.  (used  to  wash  the  filter  paper  and  to 

heat  the  cylinder).    Titrate  the  next  100  cc.  with  —-112804, 

ou 

using  methyl  orange  as  indicator.  Since  with  the  most  rapid 
and  careful  manipulation  a  certain  carbonation  of  the  "  lime 
water  "  may  occur,  a  blank  is  put  through  all  the  operations 
including  filtration  with  the  same  number  of  cc.  of  the  calcium 
hydroxide  (if  several  samples  are  done  at  the  same  time,  one 
blank  will  serve).  The  difference  between  the  acid  used  for 
the  blank  and  for  the  sample  is  the  number  of  cc.  which  would 
have  been  used  up  by  the  lime  water  which  has  entered  into 
combination  with  the  acid  radical  and  driven  out  the  magnesium 
as  hydrate,  a  flocculent- precipitate. 


14  LABORATORY  NOTES 

Because  only  100  of  the  original  200  cc.  is  used,  multiply 
by  20  the  cc.  of  acid  used  to  obtain  the  parts  per  million  of 
calcium  carbonate  equivalent  to  the  magnesium  in  the  sample. 
The  ratio  CaC03:Mg  ::  100  : 24.18  will  give  parts  per  million  Mg. 

The  whole  operation  should  not  occupy  more  than  forty-five 
minutes,  including  the  two  fifteen-minute  periods  of  heating. 

To  Determine  Magnesium  by  Soap  Titration.  To  100  cc.  of 
water  found  to  contain  magnesium  add  0.1  gram  powdered 
ammonium  oxalate.  Shake  until  dissolved  and  filter.  Test 
50  cc.  with  the  soap  solution.  The  calcium  should  have  been 
removed  as  oxalate. 

For  Permanent  Hardness  (incrustants  par  excellence).     Boil  in 

a  porcelain  dish  250  cc.  of  the  water.    Add  25  cc.  of  —  "soda 

reagent "  (made  of  equal  parts  of  sodium  hydroxide  and  sodium 
carbonate.  This  mixture  is  especially  for  magnesium  waters), 
and  boil  for  10  minutes.  For  waters  which  show  a  hardness 

by  the  soap  test  of  over  400  parts  per  million  use  -  soda 
reagent.  Filter,  and  while  hot  make  up  with  boiling  distilled 

water  to  250  cc. ;  mix  and  titrate  100  cc.  with  — •  H2S04,  using 

oO 

methyl  orange  as  indicator. 

Make  a  blank,  using  boiling  distilled  water  instead  of  the 
sample.  The  difference  gives  the  cc.  "  soda  reagent "  used 
up  by  the  permanent  hardness.  This  number  of  cc.  multiplied 
by  ten  gives  the  parts  per  million  of  calcium  carbonate  corre- 
sponding to  permanent  hardness,  CaC03:CaS04: :  100: 138.  If 
the  water  shows  excess  of  "  soda  reagent "  over  the  blank,  it 
contains  sodium  or  potassium  carbonate,  and  the  number  of  cc. 
.multiplied  by  10  gives  parts  per  million  of  calcium  carbonate 
equivalent  to  the  sodium  carbonate  present. 


THIRD  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  15 

Those  students  who  have  samples  very  "  hard  "  with  car- 
bonates or  sulphates  may  use  the  following  method  for  incrus- 
tants.  It  is  not  so  satisfactory  for  chloride  or  nitrate  waters. 

I.  Determination  of  Scaling  Material.  By  means  of  a  250  cc. 
graduated  flask,  measure  250  cc.  of  the  water  to  be  examined 
into  a  6-inch  porcelain  evaporating  dish.  Then  add,  from  a 

7? 

burette  or  10  cc.  pipette,  exactly  10  cc.  of  —  sodium  car- 
bonate solution.  Place  on  the  hot  plate,  or  if  short  of  time 
place  over  the  flame  of  the  burner  and  keep  gently  boiling  until 
the  volume  is  reduced  to  about  25  cc.  Be  careful  not  to  boil 
too  hard,  or  some  of  the  water  will  be  lost  by  spurting.  While 
the  water  is  being  evaporated  fold  two  11  cm.  ashless  filter  papers 
and  put  into  the  drying  oven;  after  one  hour  remove  them, 
cool  in  the  desiccator  and  counterpoise  them  on  the  balances, 
cutting  from  the  heavier  until  they  are  just  equal  in  weight. 
Also  dry  and  weigh  a  No.  2  or  a  No.  3  beaker  at  the  same  time. 
Put  the  filter  papers  into  a  funnel,  one  inside  the  other,  and 
stand  the  weighed  beaker  under  to  catch  the  filtrate.  The 
end  of  the  funnel  should  touch  the  side  of  the  beaker  so  that 
the  liquid  will  not  spatter  out  on  dropping.  Next,  filter  the 
material  in  the  evaporating  dish  through  the  papers,  washing 
down  all  loose  precipitate  with  a  fine  jet  of  water  from  the  wash 
bottle,  using  as  little  water  as  possible.  To  clean  the  dish  add 

5  cc.  of  —  hydrochloric   acid   from    a   clean  burette  and  rub 

over  the  surface  of  the  dish;  add  10  cc.  of  ~  sodium  carbonate 

from  the  pipette  and  boil  for  one  minute.  Turn  the  dish  so 
that  the  solution  touches  all  parts  of  its  surface,  exactly  neu- 
tralizing the  hydrochloric  acid.  Filter  through  the  same 
papers,  rubbing  the  dish  with  a  rubber-tipped  stirring  rod  until 


16  LABORATORY  NOTES 

every  particle  of  precipitate  is  loosened.  Wash  into  the  funnel 
with  hot  water  again,  using  very  little  water. 

Wash  the  filter  and  its  contents  until  it  is  free  from  soluble 
matter,  requiring  about  six  applications  of  water.  The  filtrate 
and  washings  in  the  weighed  beaker  now  contain  the  soluble 
alkalies,  and  the  precipitate  comprises  all  the  scale-forming 
material.  Dry  the  latter  in  the  papers  at  110°  C.  in  the  oven, 
cool  in  the  desiccator  and  weigh,  putting  the  empty  (tared 
filter)  paper  on  the  right-hand  pan. 

(This  method  is  used  by  Professor  Parr  of  the  University  of 
Illinois.) 


FOURTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE. 

Waters  belonging  to  Class  III  especially  may  be  tested 
for  their  action  on  metals.  Those  that  show  the  presence  of 
ammonia  in  the  preliminary  test  may  be  distilled  for  quanti- 
tative determination. 

Suspected  waters  may  be  tested  for  nitrites  and  chlorine,  con- 
centrating if  necessary,  to  compare  with  a  known  normal. 

The  amount  of  oxygen  absorbed  from  potassium  perman- 
ganate (oxygen  consumed)  which  gives  a  certain  indication  of 
the  amount  of  organic  matter  is  often  a  useful  determination. 
In  some  cases  "  oxygen  dissolved,"  or  that  which  the  fishes 
breathe,  yields  valuable  information. 

Action  on  Metals.  For  class  illustration  it  will  be  sufficient 
to  use  freshly  polished  specimens  of  the  common  metals,  lead, 
copper,  brass,  iron  and  steel  of  different  grades.  These  placed 
singly  in  sufficient  water  to  cover  them  an  inch  deep  in  tubes  or 
in  filled  stoppered  bottles  (the  size  and  number  being  some- 
what regulated  by  the  amount  of  water  at  hand),  may  be 
observed  hour  by  hour  and  at  the  end  of  12  and  24  hours.  The 
water  after  filtration  may  be  tested  by  appropriate  methods. 

The  following  tests  modified  from  those  given  in  Thresh's 
book  will  serve  most  conveniently. 

Lead.  Decant  5  to  50  cc.  of  the  water  in  which  the  metal  has 
been  standing  into  a  test  tube;  add  two  drops  to  1  cc.  of  acetic 
acid  1:1;  mix,  and  with  a  capillary  tube  or  a  glass  rod  add  "a 
droplet "  of  calcium  sulphide  (see  Reagents,  p.  35).  Note 

carefully  against  a  white  background,  holding  tube  with  opera- 

17 


18  LABORATORY  NOTES 

tor's  back  to  the  light.  The  white  sulphur  separates  out  on 
contact  with  the  acid  solution  and  turns  dark,  or  if  much  lead 
be  present,  black.  If  the  first  addition  shows  nothing,  make  a 
second  or  third  under  the  same  careful  observation. 

To  make  this  and  the  following  tests  quantitative,  measure 
the  original  solution  accurately  into  wide  Nessler  tubes  and 
determine  by  means  of  standard  solutions. 

This  test  will  detect  1  part  lead  in  10,000,000  of  water.  By 
passing  hydrogen  sulphide  gas  through  the  solution  a  con- 
siderably greater  delicacy  has  been  obtained,  or  the  water  may 
be  concentrated,  after  the  addition  of  nitric  acid,  subsequent 
neutralization  with  KOH,  and  acidification  with  acetic  acid 
(which  does  not  decompose  H2S  as  does  nitric  acid),  and  the 
test  made  as  before. 

Lead  sulphide  is  black  even  in  small  quantity,  copper  sul- 
phide is  copper  brown,  and  therefore  if  either  are  present  alone 
they  may  be  detected,  but  if  both  are  present  in  the  same  sample 
the  one  color  obscures  the  other.  The  mixed  sulphide  may  be 
oxidized  by  a  drop  of  strong  nitric  acid,  lead  precipitated  by  a 
drop  of  sulphuric  acid  and  ammonia  added  to  alkalinity.  If  a 
trace  of  copper  be  present  a  characteristic  blue  color  is  produced. 

Copper.  Decant  as  before,  add  1  drop  to  1  cc.  (according  to 
the  amount  of  water  used)  of  H2S04  (1:4),  mix,  add  1  drop  to 
1  cc.  of  a  freshly  made  potassium  ferrocyanide  solution. 

A  copper-brown  color  indicates  the  presence  of  copper  which 
may  be  quantitatively  determined  by  means  of  standards. 
Lead  does  not  interfere,  but  iron,  if  present,  must  be  removed 
by  precipitation  with  ammonium  hydrate  and  the  filtrate 
acidified  and  tested. 

Zinc.  Decant  and  treat  precisely  as  in  the  test  for  copper. 
A  white  turbidity  or  milkiness  indicates  the  presence  of  zinc, 


FOURTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  19 

becoming  opaque  white  if  the  zinc  is  abundant.  A  dilution 
which  shows  turbidit}r  only  may  be  matched  with  standard 
solutions. 

Considerable  quantities  of  copper  or  iron  interfere  and  must 
be  removed. 

Iron.  Decant  and  acidify  as  before,  but  oxidize  the  ferrous 
iron  to  ferric  by  adding  potassium  permanganate  (reagent)  until 
a  distinct  pink  color  remains  for  two  minutes,  then  add  the 
ferrocyanide. 

A  blue  color  indicates  the  presence  of  iron,  and  its  depth  is 
proportional  to  the  quantity  of  iron,  which  may  be  determined 
by  means  of  standards. 

If  zinc  is  present,  the  turbidity  may  interfere  with  accuracy. 

Far  the  Determination  of  Free  and  Albuminoid  Ammonia.  Free 
the  flask  and  condensing  apparatus  by  distilling  water  until 
there  is  no  test  with  Nessler  reagent.  Empty  the  flask,  and 
without  rinsing  measure  into  it  100  cc.  of  badly  polluted  waters, 
or  500  cc.  of  ordinary  quality.  If  a  smaller  quantity  is  used, 
make  up  to  500  cc.  with  ammonia-free  water.  If  the  water 
has  an  acid  reaction,  neutralize  by  sodium  carbonate  before  dis- 
tilling. Collect  3  portions  of  50  cc.  each;  allow  the  flask 
to  cool  ten  minutes,  and  add  40  cc.  alkaline  permanganate 
through  a  funnel  to  prevent  the  least  drop  from  touching  the 
neck  of  the  flask  whence  it  would  contaminate  the  cork  or 
rubber  stopper.  Watch  until  boiling  has  fairly  set  in  to  prevent 
foaming  or  bumping,  lest  the  stopper  be  touched  by  spatters. 
Collect  3  or  4  portions  of  50  cc.  each  as  before.  When  all  are 
ready  prepare  standards  or  use  permanent  ones.  Nesslerize 
with  1  cc.  of  the  reagent  and  compare  with  standards.  The 
first  three  tubes  give  the  ammonia  readily  disengaged,  "free 
ammonia,"  and  the  last  set  that  which  has  to  be  broken  out  of 


20  LABORATORY  NOTES 

combination,  so  to  speak,  from  as  yet  undecomposed  organic 
matter,  "  albuminoid  ammonia." 

The  sum  of  the  number  of  cc.  of  standard  used  to  match  the 
different  tubes,  multiplied  by  0.02,  gives  parts  per  million  free 
or  albuminoid  ammonia  as  the  case  may  be. 

Without  distillation  the  student  may  sometimes  mistake  the 
yellow  color  given  by  the  potassium  hydrate  of  the  Nessler  with 
iron  for  the  mercur-ammonium  compound  indicating  ammonia. 
Nitrites  with  ammonia  indicate  active  pollution  and  therefore 
a  probable  corrosive  action. 

Procedure.    To  100  cc.  of  sample  in  a  Nessler  tube  add  10  cc. 

£  /?  i  / '  c*-. 
each  of  sulphuric  acid   and  naphthalamine  acetate.    Allow  to 

stand  ten  minutes  and  compare  color  with  standard  papers. 

Quantitative  Determination  of  Chlorine  (Air,  Water  and  Food, 
p.  111).  Measure  25  cc.  of  the  water  to  be  tested  into  a 
6-inch  evaporating  dish;  add  6  drops  of  neutral  potassium  chro- 
mate  and  titrate  with  AgN03  1  cc.  =  0.0005  Cl,  approximately. 
The  first  rosy  flush  must  be  used  as  the  end  point.  250  cc.  of 
the  water  must  be  concentrated  to  25  cc.  if  it  contains  less  than 
20  parts  Cl  per  million. 

Oxygen  Consumed   (Absorbed). 

All  waters  when  strongly  acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
digested  with  a  little  permanganate  of  potash  absorb  from  this 
salt  more  or  less  oxygen,  the  amount  of  which  can  be  determined 
if  the  amount  of  available  oxygen  in  the  permanganate  added  is 
known  and  the  amount  left  after  the  action  of  the  water  is 
determined.  The  difference  gives  the  oxygen  absorbed  by  the 
substances  dissolved  in  the  water.  Some  very  pure  waters 
absorb  very  little  indeed,  less  than  0.1  mg.  per  liter,  while  others 
containing  organic  matter  in  solution  absorb  many  times  this 


FOURTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  21 

amount.  Although,  strictly  speaking,  an  index  neither  to  the 
quantity  nor  quality  of  the  organic  matter,  yet,  as  the  amount 
absorbed  varies  in  different  waters,  being  usually  very  small  in 
pure  waters  and  comparatively  large  in  impure  waters,  the 
determination  is  not  without  value.  Certain  inorganic  sub- 
stances occasionally  found  in  waters  also  reduce  permanga- 
nates, such  as  nitrites,  ferrous  salts,  and  sulphides.  These  act 
on  the  permanganate  with  rapidity,  while  the  organic  matter 
acts  very  slowly.  When  any  of  these  substances  are  present, 
two  determinations  are  generally  made,  one  to  ascertain  the 
amount  of  oxygen  absorbed  by  the  inorganic  matter,  and  the 
other  to  estimate  the  total  absorbed  oxygen,  and  the  difference 
is  taken  as  being  the  amount  consumed  by  the  organic  matter. 
The  total  oxygen  consumed  varies  greatly  in  the  same  water, 
the  chief  factors  being  time  and  temperature;  but  the  degree 
of  acidity  and  the  intensity  of  the  light  are  not  unimportant. 
For  results  to  be  comparable,  therefore,  they  must  have  been 
obtained  by  identical  processes. 

Oxuqen  Consumed:   Quick  Method.     Measure  into  a  15(1  cc. 

gtfcf/otc  Ha$Jty//- 

flask  25,  50  or  100  cc.  of  the  water  to  be  tested. A  Add  from  a 

/4 

burette  8  to  15  cc.  of  the  standardized  permanganate.  Bring 
to  a  boil,  and  boil  two  minutes.  Cool  one  minute;  add  from  a 
burette  10  cc.  (or  more  if  this  amount  does  not  decolorize  the 
solution)  of  ammonium  oxalate.  Titrate  with  the  perman- 
ganate to  a  faint  pink.  The  difference  between  the  total 
amount  used  and  that  given  by  a  blank  determination  gives 
the  oxygen  consumed. 

Oxygen    Consumed:  Dr.  Thresh's   Method.     Apparatus    and 
reagents  required:    Standard  solution  of    potassium  perman- 


22  LABORATORY  NOTES 

ganate,  1  cc.  =  .1  mg.  available  oxygen.  Solution  of  sodium 
thiosulphate,  1  gram  to  the  liter.  Solutions  of  potassium 
iodide  and  of  starch.  Solution  of  sulphuric  acid,  25  per  cent. 
Stoppered  bottles  or  flasks  holding  about  400  cc.  Burettes, 
pipettes,  etc.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  cc.  of  water  to  be  examined 
heated  to  98°  F.  are  measured  into  one  of  the  bottles  or  flasks, 
which  should  have  been  previously  cleaned  with  acid,  etc. 
To  this  are  added  10  cc.  of  the  solution  of  potassium  permanga- 
nate and  10  cc.  of  the  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  stopper  being 
inserted  the  bottle  is  placed  in  an  incubator  kept  at  about  98°  F. 
Let  it  remain  there  for  three  hours,  examining  it  from  time  to 
time  to  see  that  a  decided  pink  color  remains.  If  the  color 
tends  to  disappear,  add  a  second  10  cc.  of  permanganate  solu- 
tion, as  this  should  always  be  present  in  marked  excess.  While 
this  is  incubating,  place  250  cc.  of  the  recently  distilled  water  in  a 
second  flask,  add  10  cc.  of  the  acid,  10  cc.  of  the  permanganate, 
and  1  cc.  of  5  per  cent  potassium  iodide  solution,  using  starch 
as  an  indicator.  The  amount  of  the  solution  used  corresponds 
to  1  mg.  of  available  oxygen,  or  to  10  cc.  of  the  permanganate 
solution.  The  thiosulphate  solution  not  keeping  well,  this 
standardization  should  be  repeated  with  every  fresh  batch  of 
waters  or  every  few  days.  On  no  account  should  the  thiosul- 
phate solution  be  made  with  a  water  containing  nitrates,  for,  if 
so,  nitrites  will  be  formed  and  vitiate  the  experiment. 

The  water,  after  the  lapse  of  three  hours,  is  removed  from  the 
incubator,  and  quickly  reduced  to  the  room  temperature  by 
immersing  the  bottle  in  cold  water.  The  iodide  is  then  added, 
and  the  excess  of  permanganate  estimated.  In  this  deter- 
mination it  is  most  important  to  cool  the  water,  as  the  amount 
of  thiosulphate  required  to  destroy  the  blue  color  of  the  iodide 
of  starch  is  markedly  affected  by  the  temperature.  This  is 


FOURTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  23 

another  of  the  causes,  not  generally  recognized,  of  the  differences 
in  the  amount  of  oxygen  absorbed  found  by  different  analysts 
when  examining  the  same  water.  If  it  is  desired  to  estimate 
the  oxygen  absorbed  by  the  inorganic  matter,  the  water  may 
be  warmed  to  98°  F.,  and  the  unreduced  permanganate  esti- 
mated. In  examining  potable  waters  this  determination  is 
rarely  required. 

Oxygen  Dissolved. 

Collect  a  sample  of  the  water  in  a  calibrated  bottle  of  about 
250  or  300  cc.,  taking  care  that  no  air  is  inclosed.  This  can  be 
most  readily  done  by  allowing  water  to  flow  into  the  bottom  of 
the  bottle  by  means  of  a  piece  of  rubber  tubing  attached  to 
glass  running  through  the  neck.  Then  allow  the  water  to 
overflow  for  some  minutes,  at  the  same  time  noting  the  tem- 
perature of  the  water. 

Procedure  for  Oxygen  Dissolved.  Remove  the  stopper  from 
the  bottle  and  add  approximately  2  cc.  of  the  manganous 
sulphate  solution  and  2  cc.  of  the  sodium  hydrate-potassium 
iodide  solution,  delivering  both  of  these  solutions  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  liquid  by  means  of  a  pipette.  Replace  the 
stopper  and  mix  the  contents  of  the  bottle  by  shaking.  Allow 
the  precipitate  to  settle.  Remove  the  stopper,  add  about 
2  c.c.  of  sulphuric  acid  and  mix  thoroughly.  Up  to  this  point 
the  procedure  may  be  carried  on  in  the  field,  but  after  the  sul- 
phuric acid  has  been  added  and  the  stopper  replaced  there  is 
no  further  change,  and  the  rest  of  the  operation  may  be  con- 
ducted at  leisure.  For  accurate  work  there  are  a  number  of 
corrections  necessary  to  take  into  account,  but  in  actual  prac- 
tice it  is  seldom  necessary  to  take  note  of  them,  as  they  are 


24  LABORATORY  NOTES 

ordinarily  much  less  than  the  errors  of  sampling.     Rinse  the 

N 
contents  of  the  bottle  into  a  flask,  titrate  with  —  solution  of 

sodium  thiosulphate,  using  a  few  cc.  of  the  starch  solution 
towards  the  end  of  the  titration.  Do  not  add  the  starch  until 
the  color  has  become  a  faint  yellow;  titrate  until  the  blue  color 
disappears. 


Calculation  of  Results  (taken  from  Standard  Methods).  The 
standard  method  of  expressing  results  shall  be  by  parts  per 
million  of  oxygen  by  weight. 

"It  is  sometimes  convenient  to  know  the  number  of  cc.  of 
the  gas  per  liter  of  0°  C.  temperature  and  760  mm.  pressure,  and 
also  to  know  the  percentage  which  the  amount  of  gas  present  is, 
of  the  maximum  amount  capable  of  being  dissolved  by  distilled 
water  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure.  All  three  methods 
of  calculation  are  therefore  here  given: 

0.0002  N  X  1 ,000,000      200 AT 
Oxygen  in  parts  per  million  =       =H          —  = 

0.1395  AT  X  1000      139.5  AT 
Oxygen  in  cc.  per  liter          = — =     — — — 

200 NX  100  ^20,000 N 
V  x  0  VO 


Oxygen  in  per  cent  of  saturation 


N 
Where  N  =  number  of  cc.  of  —-  thiosulphate  solution, 

V  =  capacity  of  the  bottle  in  cc.  less  the  volume  of  the 
manganous  sulphate  and  potassium  iodide  solution 
added  (i.e.,  less  4  cc.). 

0  =  the  amount  of  oxygen  in  parts  per  million  in  water 
saturated  at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure." 
(See  Table  A.) 


FOURTH   LABORATORY  EXERCISE 


25 


TABLE  A. 

QUANTITIES  OF  DISSOLVED  OXYGEN  IN  PARTS  PER  MILLION  BY  WEIGHT 
IN  WATER  SATURATED  WITH  AIR  AT  THE  TEMPERATURE  GIVEN. 


Temp. 
C. 

Oxygen. 

Temp. 
C. 

Oxygen  . 

Temp. 
C. 

Oxygen. 

Temp. 
C. 

Oxygen. 

0 
1 
2 
3 

14.70 
14.28 
13.88 
13.50 

8 
9 
10 

11.86 
11.58 
11.31 

16 
17 
18. 
19 

9.94 
9.75 
9.56 
9  37 

24 
25 
26 

8.51 
8.35 
8.19 

•  4 
5 

13.14 
12.80 

11 
12 
13 

11.05 
10.80 
10  57 

20 
21 

9.19 
9.01 

27 
28 
29 

8.03 

7.88 
7  74 

6 

7 

12.47 
12.16 

14 
15 

10.35 
10.14 

22 
23 

8.84 
8  67 

30 

7.60 

FIFTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE. 

REMEDIES  DEVISED  AND  TESTED  FOR  THE  DEFECTS  FOUND. 

Waters  most  seriously  objectionable  for  use  in  boilers  are  apt 
to  contain  the  following  substances: 
Substances  which  form  scale: 
Calcium  sulphate. 

Magnesium  and  calcium  carbonates. 
Soluble  salts :  oxides  of  iron,  silica,  and  aluminum. 
Clay  and  sand. 

Organic  matter  as  cementing  material. 
Substances  which  corrode  boilers: 
Acids,  both  mineral  and  organic. 
Magnesium  chloride. 
Certain  organic  matter. 
Substances  which  cause  priming: 

Sodium  and  magnesium  carbonates. 
Certain  organic  matter. 
Alkalies. 

Remedies  for  the  defects  found  in  waters  are  both  general  and 
specific.  "  Hard "  waters  are  softened  by  removal  of  the 
calcium  salts  by  precipitation  and  filtration.  Any  inexpensive 
substance  that  will  accomplish  this  without  rendering  the  water 
too  corrosive  is  a  "  remedy."  Treat  100  cc.  of  the  sample 
with  a  known  quantity  of  the  substance  chosen,  "  soda  ash," 
sodium  carbonate,  tri-sodium  phosphate,  sodium  fluoride,  etc. 
After  the  reaction  is  complete  (it  is  usually  hastened  by  heat, 


FIFTH  LABORATORY  EXERCISE  27 

when  the  original  volume  must  be  made  up  by  distilled  water), 
filter  50  cc.  and  test'for  hardness,  etc. 

After  treatment,  determine  if  the  action  of  the  water  on  metals 
has  been  increased  or  diminished. 

Class  II  may  require  very  careful  study  to  determine  whether 
frequent  blowing  off  and  greater  care  are  not  cheaper  than 
reagents.  If  only  two  or  three  fillings  of  the  boilers  can  be  used 
before  wasting  it  ought  to  be  cheaper  to  set  up  a  water-softening 
plant. 

Class  III  frequently  needs  treatment  from  another  reason, — 
accumulation  of  sludge,  foaming  or  priming,  corrosion  or  need  of 
removal  of  color  and  turbidity  for  manufacturing.  The  latter  is 
usually  accomplished  by  a  substance  like  alum,  which,  decom- 
posed in  the  water  by  some  alkaline  substance,  forms  a  gelatinous 
drag  net  and  carries  down,  if  allowed  to  settle  out,  the  objection- 
able clay  and  color  as  well  as  germs.  The  waters  which  show  suffi- 
cient alkalinity  to  decompose  alum  cake,  aluminum  sulphate,  may 
be  tested  for  the  lowest  limit  of  alum  which  will  do  the  work, 
because  each  grain  per  gallon  of  anything  added  to  water  makes 
an  expense  which  soon  becomes  prohibitive.  For  this  reason  labor- 
atory tests  for  remedies  are  at  best  only  indicative  of  the  general 
direction  in  which  to  work,  and  they  serve  as  a  preventive 
of  serious  mistakes  and  as  time  savers  in  suggestion  of  means. 

Patent  "  boiler  compounds  "  are  not  to  be  recommended. 
Analyses  of  the  scale  formed  in  any  given  case  will  often  give 
light.  See  scheme  at  end  of  book. 

Pitting  is  probably  largely  due  to  inequalities  in  the  compo- 
sition of  the  metal.  Studies  on  these  lines  are  in  progress. 

A  preliminary  test  frequently  useful  is  the  behavior  of  the 
sample  on  simple  heating  and  on  heating  with  "  correctives  " 
such  as  "  soda  ash  "  or  sodium  phosphate.  Heat  to  boiling 


28  LABORATORY  NOTES 

on  the  iron  plate  about  50  cc.  in  a  small  Erlenmeyer  flask. 
Note  if  precipitation  occurs  indicating  escape  of  excess  of  C02, 
or  if  foaming  occurs  as  concentration  takes  place.  Add  a  little 
sodium  carbonate  in  powder  (soda  ash).  Note  if  sulphates 
precipitate  CaS04  +  Na2C03  =  CaC03  +  Na2S04.  To  the 
boiling  sample  add  tri-sodium  phosphate.  Note  precipitate. 
CaC03  +  Ht  +  H01  +  C02  -  Ca  (HC03)2.  Primary  or  acid 
calcium  carbonate  is  formed  when  normal  carbonate  is  dissolved 
in  water  containing  carbon  dioxide.  It  cannot  be  isolated,  and 
it  decomposes  at  boiling  temperature.  CaC03  is  precipitated 
and  C02  escapes. 

A  statement  was  made  in  the  Railroad  Gazette,  March  23  and 
30,  1900,  that  outside  of  New  England  and  some  parts  of  the 
Middle  South  there  are  very  few  places  where  pure  soft  water 
can  be  obtained  for  locomotive  boilers:  "  In  the  former 
localities  boilers  are  found  to  be  in  good  condition  after  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  years'  continuous  service,  while  in  bad  water 
regions  most  of  the  boiler  parts  have  to  be  renewed  every  five 
years  or  oftener.  From  statistics  gathered  the  estimate  is 
made  that  each  locomotive  using  bad  water  is  an  expense  of 
$750  annually.  The  only  way  to  prevent  incrustation  and 
corrosion  is  to  purify  the  water  before  it  enters  the  boiler: 
any  process  or  method  by  which  water  free  from  these  impu- 
rities can  be  delivered  to  the  locomotive  at  less  expense  than 
fifty  cents  per  one  thousand  gallons  will  be  an  advantageous 
arrangement." 

This  illustrates  only  one  phase  of  the  modern  problem  of 
securing  the  right  quality  of  water  for  a  given  use. 


PART  II. 

STANDARD   SOLUTIONS. 

"  Standard  "  Solutions  are  made  of  any  convenient  value, 
provided  it  is  known.  Thus  it  is  convenient  to  have  a  salt 
solution  of  one  milligram,  0.001  gram  per  cc.  instead  of  a  normal 

77 

or  even  a  tenth  normal  •—  NaCl.     If  the  value  is  known  it  is 

standard  whether  normal  or  not.    C.  P.  chemicals  are  used. 

The  molecular  weight  of  NaCl  is  23  +  35.5,  and  Normal 
solution  would  contain  58.5  grams  per  liter,  or  0.058  per  cc., 
and  of  chlorine  0.0355,  which  is  35  times  too  much  for  use  in  this 

58 

case,  therefore  — -  =  1.648  grams  per  liter  are  weighed  out  to 
oo.o 

give  a  value  to  1  cc.  of  0.001  gram  Cl,  a  Standard  solution. 

The  molecular  weight  of  sulphuric  acid,  H2S04,  is  2  +  32  + 
64  =  98,  but  a  normal  solution  is  one  containing  one  hydrogen 
equivalent,  therefore  a  normal  sulphuric  acid  solution  contains 

49  grams  H2S04  in  the  liter .     ~  .  ^-  or  any  desired  strength 

lu     ou 

is  made  by  the  suitable  dilution.     But  for  the  determination  of 

excess  of  carbon  dioxide  a  standard  solution  of  —   is  used  to 

£JL 

give  a  direct  reading  of  1  cc.  =  0.001  C02.  Sulphuric  acid, 
H2S04,  98  grams,  unites  with  Na2C03,  106  grams,  or  displaces 
12  +  32  =  44  C02.  Since  it  is  twice  the  normal,  22  grams  of 

C02  are  to  be  used.     The  calculation  is  1  cc.  =  0.022  .  —  = 

1  cc.  g-  H2S04  =  0.001  gram  C02. 
£a 

29 


30  LABORATORY  NOTES 

Standard  solutions  are  used  not  only  with  indicators  to 
show  when  the  desired  reaction  is  completed,  but  also  to  produce 
colors  which  may  be  used  in  comparison  with  those  in  solutions 
of  which  the  value  is  to  be  determined. 

There  are  many  substances  the  quantity  of  which  may  be 
estimated  by  the  depth  of  color  they  give  to  the  water  in  which 
they  are  dissolved.  Picric  acid  and  potassium  chromate,  for 
instance,  dissolve  with  a  characteristic  color  which  is  deeper  the 
more  of  the  substance  present. 

The  quantitative  determination  is  always  made  by  the  use  of 
standard  solutions  explained  above  in  which  known  quantities 
under  comparable  conditions  are  matched  in  color  with  the 
unknown.  This  method  of  estimating  quantities  of  dissolved 
substances  is  of  the  greatest  use  in  water  analysis  where  the 
amounts  are  usually  so  small  as  to  necessitate  the  evaporation 
of  large  volumes  to  secure  a  workable  concentration.  The 
earlier  practice  required  weeks  of  time  and  gallons  of  water  to 
perform  an  analysis  which  may  now  be  completed  with  equal 
or  greater  accuracy  in  a  few  hours,  using  a  few  centimeters  of 
water. 

Substances  liable  to  change  during  prolonged  heating  may 
now  be  determined  in  a  few  moments.  Only  spectroscopic 
methods  exceed  in  delicacy  some  of  the  well-known  colorimetric 
tests;  for  instance,  by  Nessler's  reagent  the  ten-thousandth  of 
a  per  cent  of  ammonia  may  be  detected;  a  thousandth  of  a 
per  cent  of  nitrite  may  be  determined  in  ten  minutes.  In 
both  these  cases,  the  substances  are  so  liable  to  change  that 
the  concentration  of  large  amounts  of  solution  would  be 
impossible. 

The  apparatus  required  for  colorimetric  tests  is  usually  very 
simple,  easily  carried  and  cleaned.  Some  tests,  however,  require 


STANDARD   SOLUTIONS  31 

expensive  instruments  of  precision  called  tintometers  or  colori- 
meters. These  may  save  in  time  what  they  cost  in  money. 

There  are  several  limiting  conditions  to  the  use  of  colorimetric 
methods  which  must  be  clearly  understood  at  the.  outset. 

The  depth  of  color  given  by  a  definite  quantity  of  a  sub- 
stance is  sometimes  affected  by  temperature,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  ammonia  determination,  or  by  the  presence  of  other  sub- 
stances, as  in  the  nitrite  test. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  changes  occurs  with  the  disso- 
ciation of  many  substances  on  reaching  a  certain  degree  of 
dilution.  The  ions  of  many  substances  have  a  different  color 
from  the  compound.  Thus  copper  sulphate  changes  from  blue 
to  green  on  dilution;  the  mercur-ammonium  from  red  to  yellow. 
The  dilution  used  is  often,  in  fact  usually,  such  that  a  mixture 
of  colors  results.  From  this  it  is  seen  at  once  that  the  standard 
used  must  be  quite  comparable  in  all  respects. 

The  manner  in  which  the  light  strikes  the  solution,  the  kind 
and  thickness  of  glass  used  to  contain  it,  the  color  of  surround- 
ing objects,  all  have  an  influence  on  the  tint  of  color  seen,  and 
therefore,  all  these  must  be  the  same  for  the  standard  and  for 
the  unknown  solution.  Moreover,  since  color  is  a  subjective 
phenomenon  due  to  the  action  of  light  on  the  eye  itself,  no 
two  individuals  see  precisely  the  same  color  effect  in  the  same 
substance,  or  can  describe  accurately  what  they  see. 

This  fact  makes  the  use  of  so-called  permanent  standards  of 
less  value  for  use  by  different  persons  than  standards  in  gravi- 
metric tests. 

In  cases  where  no  great  degree  of  accuracy  is  demanded,  as  in 
the  determination  of  nitrites  in  water  (time  and  the  surround- 
ing atmosphere  affect  the  result  greatly),  standard  papers  may 
be  used  advantageously.  Colored  glass  is  extensively  employed 


32  LABORATORY  NOTES 

for  comparison,  and  only  its  expense  prevents  a  wider  use. 
Some  metallic  compounds  keep  the  color  and  bear  dilution 
sufficiently  well  to  be  used,  but  the  student  should  know  how  to 
prepare  standards  for  himself  from  comparable  solutions,  and 
should  bear  in  mind  the  limits  as  above  noted,  and  should  watch 
for  others  which  may  occur,  thus  finding  his  personal  equation 
in  color  work.  There  is  a  decided  choice  as  to  which  depth  of 
color  may  be  compared  with  the  greatest  accuracy;  for  instance, 
that  given  by  1  to  3  cc.  of  standard  ammonium  chloride  solu- 
tion is  more  easily  differentiated  than  a  color  given  by  8  to  12 
cc.,  and  the  color  given  by  5  cc.  of  standard  nitrate  in  10  cc. 
volume  is  more  easily  matched  than  a  deeper  color.  As  a  rule, 
the  lighter  shades  are  preferred.  The  dilution  is  made  before  the 
reaction  is  brought  about,  in  most  cases,  by  accurately  gradu- 
ated measuring  vessels  with  complete  mixing  of  the  liquids. 

A  few  substances  will  dilute  proportionately  after  the  color  is 
produced,  as  picric  acid  in  the  nitrate  test,  but  the  color  pro- 
duced by  Nessler  reagent  in  the  ammonia  test  will  not  so  dilute. 
Most  of  the  colors  change  on  standing,  and  therefore  the  test  is 
carried  out  at  once. 

Many  solutions  do  not  retain  their  strength  in  the  light,  or 
in  presence  of  organic  matter,  or  because  of  molecular  decom- 
position, as  potassium  permanganate,  silver  nitrate,  sodium 
thiosulphate ;  such  solutions  need  frequent  standardization;  for 
example,  sodium  thiosulphate  in  the  determination  of  dissolved 
oxygen  is  standardized  by  potassium  bichromate  solution: 
K2Cr207+  14  HC1  +  6  KI  =  8  KC1  +  2  CrCl3  +  7  H20  +  6  I.  The 
molecular  weight  is  therefore  six  times  the  "  normal  "  based 
on  hydrogen  =  1.  }\^er 

49.07  grams  is  the  weight  for  a  Irke  "  normal  "  bichromate  and 

will  yield  — ^ —  8.000  grams^   ®xygenj—  normal  will  yield 


6 


40 


STANDARD   SOLUTIONS  33 

0.200  gram  0*  and  1  cc.  (1000  cc.  to  the  liter)  will  yield  0.0002 
gram  or  0.1395  cc|    Oxygen  at  0°  C.  and  760  mm. 
Oxygen  16  :  Iodine  127  :  :  0.0002  :  x  0.0016. 

—  normal  thiosulphate  (6.2  grams  to  the  liter)  should  also 

give  0.0002  gram  oxygen  per  cc.  if  of  standard  strength.  To 
test  it:  Measure  out  10  cc.  of  the  bichromate  from  a  burette 
pipette  into  a  flask.  Add  3  cc.  KI,  3  cc.  strong  HC1,  100  of 
water,  and  shake  two  or  three  minutes.  Titrate  the  liberated 
iodine  with  the  thiosulphate  to  be  tested.  Note  how  much 
weaker  or  stronger  it  is  and  use  the  correction  in  the  calculation. 

The  keeping  qualities  of  the  thiosulphate  solution  are 
improved  by  adding  to  each  liter  5  cc.  of  chloroform  and  1.5 
grams  of  ammonium  carbonate  before  making  up  to  the  pre- 
scribed volume. 

Oxygen  Dissolved. 

Standard  thiosulphate  1  cc.  =  0.0002  gram  oxygen.  Standard 
bichromate,  see  above. 

Standard  Ammonium  Oxalate  Solution.  Dissolve  0.888  gram 
of  the  substance  in  one  liter  of  distilled  water.  1  cc.  is  equiva- 
lent to  0.0001  gram  of  oxygen. 

Reagents : 

(1)  Manganous   sulphate    solution,    48   grams    MnS04   in 

100  cc.  distilled  water. 

(2)  Sol.  of  NaOH  and  KI.     Dissolve  360  grams  NaOH 

and  100  grams  KI  in  1  liter  of  distilled  water. 

Hardness. 

Standard  Soap  Solution.  Dissolve  100  grams  of  the  best  white 
castile  soap  in  a  liter  of  80  per  cent  alcohol.  Dissolve  75-100  cc. 
of  this  in  about  a  liter  of  70  per  cent  alcohol,  or  until  14.25  cc. 


34  LABORATORY  NOTES 

of  it  give  the  required  lather  with  50  cc.  of  standard  calcium 
chloride  solution. 

Standard  CaCl^  Solution.  Dissolve  0.2  gram  pure  Iceland  spar 
or  CaC03  in  dilute  HCL  Evaporate  to  dryness  several  times 
to  remove  excess  of  acid.  Dissolve  in  1  liter  of  water. 

Nitrates. 

1.  Standard    Nitrate    Solution.    Dissolve  0.720  gram    pure 
recrystallized  KN03  in  1  liter  of  water.     Evaporate  10  cc.  of 
this  cautiously  on  water  bath.     Moisten  quickly  and  thoroughly 
with  2  cc.  of   phenol-disulphonic   acid    and  dilute  to  1  liter. 
1  cc.  =  0.000001  gram  N. 

Reagent. 

2.  Phenol-disulphonic  Acid.    Heat  together  3  grams  synthetic 
phenol  with  37  grams  pure  concentrated  H2S04  in  a  boiling 
water  bath  for  6  hours. 

3.  Brucine.    H2S04  concentrated. 

Iron. 

Standard  Iron  Solution.  Dissolve  0.86  gram  of  ferric  ammo- 
nium alum  in  500  cc.  of  water,  add  5  cc.  HN03  (Sp.  Gr.  1.20) 
and  dilute  to  1  liter.  1  cc.  =^0,0001  gram  Fe. 

o,odoo\ 

Reagents. 

(fit*. 

Potassium  Sulphocyanide.    5  grams  per  liter. 
Potassium  Permanganate.    5  grams  per  liter. 

Magnesium. 

Saturated  Lime  Water.  Shake  1  part  of  freshly  slaked  lime 
with  20  parts  of  distilled  water  for  20  minutes  and  let  solution 
stand  over  night.  Keep  in  bottle  with  closed  circuit. 


STANDARD  SOLUTIONS  35 

Nitrites. 

1.  Standard  Nitrite  Solution.     Dissolve  1.1  grams  specially 
prepared    silver    nitrite    in    water.    Precipitate    silver    with 
NaCl  solution  for  Cl  determination,  and  make  up  to  1  liter. 
100  cc.  of  this  are  diluted  to  1  liter,  and  10  cc.  of  this  last  solution 
diluted  to  1  liter  gives  the  standard  solution.     1  cc.  =  0.0000001 
gram  N. 

2.  Sulphanilic  Acid.     Dissolve  3.3  grams  sulphanilic  acid  in 
750  cc.  of  water  by  aid  of  heat;  add  250  cc.  glacial  acetic  acid. 

3.  Naphthylamine  Acetate.    Boil  0.5  gram  o£*naphthylamine 
in  100  cc.  of  water  for  5  minutes.     Filter  through  a  plug  of 
washed  absorbent  cotton.     Add  250  cc.  glacial  acetic  acid  and 
dilute  to  1  liter. 

Chlorine. 

1.  Standard  Salt  Solution.    Dissolve  16.48  grams  of   fused 
NaCl  in  1  liter  of  distilled  water.     Dilute  100  cc.  of  this  to 
1  liter  for  standard.     1  cc.  =  0.001  gram  Cl. 

2.  Standard  Silver  Nitrate.     Dissolve  about  2.42  grams  AgN03 
(dry  crystals)  in  1  liter  of  distilled  water.     1  cc.  =  0.0005  gram 
Cl  approximately.     Standardize  against  the  NaCl  solution. 

Oxygen  Consumed. 

1.  Dilute  Sulphuric  Acid.     One  part  sulphuric  acid  to  three 
parts  of  distilled  water.    This  should  be  freed  from  oxidizable 
matters  by  adding  potassium  permanganate  until  a  faint  pink 
color  persists  after  standing  several  hours.  , 

2.  Standard  Potassium  Permanganate  Solution.     Dissolve  0.4 
gram  of  the  crystalline  compound  in  1  liter  of  distilled  water. 
Standardize  against  an  ammonium  oxalate  solution.     One  cc. 
is  equivalent  to  0.0001  gram  of  available  oxygen. 


36  LABORATORY  NOTES 

Reagent  for  Metals. 
Solution  of  Ca  sulphide. 

Sulphur  in  fine  powder 20  grams. 

Slaked  lime 20  grams. 

Distilled  water 500  cc. 

Boil  until  about  400  cc.  remain. 

The  solution  should  have  a  rich  orange-red  color;  when  this 
fades  the  solution  has  become  useless. 

Solution  of  Potassium  Ferro-Cyanide.  Dissolve  a  clear  yellow 
crystal  as  large  as  a  large  pea  in  25  cc.  of  distilled  water. 

This  solution  does  not  keep,  and  must  be  made  up  fresh  on 
the  day  it  is  to  be  used. 


COMPUTATION  OF  HYPOTHETICAL  COMBINATIONS  FROM 
ANALYSES. 


The  business  man  always  asks  for  the  compound  known  to 
him  in  other  relations  to  be  reported  from  a  water  analysis. 
This  is  not  often  possible  with  any  degree  of  exactness  in  the 
limitation  of  our  present  knowledge.  In  the  case  of  medicinal 
water,  which  was  the  earliest  form  of  analysis,  the  combination 
of  the  mineral  substances  was  doubtless  of  particular  con- 
sequence. 

SAMPLE   REPORT. 
RESERVOIR  WATER  FROM  CYPRESS,  ILLINOIS,  AUGUST  1  TO  30,  1906. 


Ions. 

Parts  per 
Million. 

Hypothetical  Combinations. 

Ions. 

Parts  per 
Million. 

Grains  per 
Gallon. 

Turbidity  
Susp.  solids  

146. 
58.1 
142.8 

18.7 
10.2 
25.6 
.8 
.5 
8.8 
.8 
.8 
6.8 
28.9 
99.9 

Sod.  nitrate..  (NaNO3). 
Sod.  chloride  (NaCl).. 
Sod.  sulphate  (Na-SO4) 
Mag.  carb....(MgCO3). 
Cal.  carb  (CaCO3)  . 
Iron  carb  ....  (FeCo3)  .  . 
Alumina  (A12O3)  .  .  . 
Silica  (SiO2)... 
Bases  (SiO2  +  ). 

Total  

1.1 
11.2 
43.2 
35.3 
63.9 
1.6 
.9 
8.8 
.8 

.06 
.65 
2.50 
2.05 
3.70 
.10 
.05 
.52 
.05 

Diss.  solids  
Potassium    and    K 
Sodium.  .  .  (Na)..  .  . 
Magnesium.  .  (Mg)  .  .  . 
Calcium.  .  .  .  (Ca)  
Iron  (Fe)...  . 
Aluminum  .  .  (Al)  .... 
Silica  (SiO2).  . 
Bases  +  Si..(SiOj+) 
Nitrates  (NO,)... 
Chloride....  (Cl).... 
Sulphate.  .  .  .  (SO4)  .  .  . 
Carbonate  .  .  (HCO3)  . 

166.8 

9.70 

For  industrial  use  it  is  usually  of  less  importance,  and  the 
author  deprecates  the  waste  of  time  spent  on  elaborate  calcu- 


37 


38  LABORATORY  NOTES 

lations.  The  public  soon  learns  to  take  results  and  interpret 
them  as  given.  The  student  should,  however,  understand  the 
rules  of  such  combinations  based  chiefly  on  solubilities  in  the 
presence  or  absence  of  other  salts. 

At  various  stages  of  chemical  knowledge,  results  have  been 
reported  in  various  ways.  Just  now  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
has  set  the  fashion  of  reporting  in  ions  as  shown  in  the  example 
given. 

To  the  engineer  and  inspector  a  knowledge  of  the  foregoing 
methods  is  especially  desirable. 

The  composition  of  the  rocks  and  soils  affects  the  amount  and 
kind  of  dissolved  substances  found  in  water  in  any  given  locality, 
and  the  distance  from  the  sea  affects  the  normal  chlorine  which 
in  the  interior  has  been  found  within  1  part  per  million  when  not 
affected  by  salt  deposits  or  by  pollution. 

Some  idea  of  the  composition  of  the  water  found  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world  is  useful  as  an  indication  of  what 
the  engineer  may  expect  to  encounter. 

The  water  taken  by  man  for  his  use  is  that  which  is  on  its 
way  to  the  ocean.  He  takes  it  in  various  concentrations  from 
rain  caught  before  it  reaches  the  ground  to  the  brines  leaching 
out  salt  deposits.  The  kind  of  rock  and  soil  through  which 
water  percolates  or  over  which  it  flows  modifies  and  controls 
the  amount  of  solid  matter  it  carries  in  solution  as  it  flows  on 
its  course.  The  following  are  instances  of  such  modification. 
There  are  regions  where  no  good  water  is  available.  The 
examples  given,  except  perhaps  the  Dead  Sea,  have  all  been 
used  for  industrial  purposes,  sea  water  not  unfrequently  so. 


LABORATORY  NOTES 


39 


PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  SALINITY  IN  VARIOUS 
WATERS. 

TAKEN  FROM  U.   S.  G.   S.  BULLETIN   330. 


A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

CO3 

51  65 

34  74 

59  03 

20 

trace 

40  02 

SO4  
Cl 

1.05 

48 

14.90 
6  23 

.88 
59 

7.89 
55  11 

.31 

65  81 

21.73 
64 

NO,  

1  57 

Ca.3.  
Mff.  . 

22.94 
4  09 

20.42 
5  21 

15.25 
10  71 

1.23 
3  65 

4.73 
13  28 

23.25 

5  82 

Na  

5  14 

4  92 

6  68 

30  64 

11  65 

1  81 

K 

1  75 

4  65 

2  24 

1  09 

1  85 

2  04 

SiO2  

9  40 

6  77 

2  97 

trace 

4  01 

FeX>3  

1  49 

15 

1  65 

ALOo  . 

2  01 

44 

0  58 

Total        per 
cent 

100  00 

100  00 

100  00 

100  00 

100  00 

100  00 

Alkalinity, 
parts        per 
million  

195 

166 

144 

38,789 

192,150 

563 

A.  Mississippi  River  at  Minneapolis. 

B.  Mississippi  River  above  New  Orleans. 

C.  Mille  Lacs  Lake. 

D.  Mediterranean  (mid-sea). 

E.  Dead  Sea  —  surface  at  north  end. 

F.  Virginia  Hot  Springs,  Virginia. 


LABORATORY  NOTES 


TABLE  I. 

TABLE  OF  HARDNESS,  SHOWING  THE  PARTS  OF  CALCIUM  CARBONATE 
(CaCOg)  IN  1,000,000  FOR  EACH  TENTH  OF  A  CUBIC  CENTIMETER  OF 
WEAK  SOAP  SOLUTION  USED. 

Using  50  cc.  of  the  sample. 


Soap 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

Solution, 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

0.0 

0.0 

1.6 

3.2 

1.0 

4.8 

6.3 

7.9 

9.5 

11.1 

12.7 

14.3 

15.6 

16.9 

18.2 

2.0 

19.5 

20.8 

22.1 

23.4 

24.7 

26.0 

27.3 

28.6 

29.9 

31.2 

3.0 

32.5 

33.8 

35.1 

36.4 

37.7 

39.0 

40.3 

41.6 

42.9 

44.3 

4.0 

45.7 

47.1 

48.6 

50.0 

51.4 

52.9 

54.3 

55.7 

57.1 

58.6 

5.0 

60.0 

61.4 

62.9 

64.3 

65.7 

67.1 

68.6 

70.0 

71.4 

72.9 

6.0 

74.3 

75.7 

77.1 

78.6 

80.0 

81.4 

82.9 

84.3 

85.7 

87.1 

7.0 

88.6 

90.0 

91.4 

92.9 

94.3 

95.7 

97.1 

98.6 

100.0 

101.5 

8.0 

103.0 

104.5 

106.0 

107.5 

109.0 

110.5 

112.0 

113.5 

115.0 

116.5 

9.0 

118.0 

119.5 

121.1 

122.6 

124.1 

125.6 

127.1 

128.6 

130.1 

131.6 

10.0 

133.1 

134.6 

136.1 

137.6 

139.1 

140.6 

142.1 

143.7 

145.2 

146.8 

11.0 

148.4 

150.0 

151.6 

153.2 

154.8 

156.3 

157.9 

159.5 

161.1 

162.7 

12.0 

164.3 

165.9 

167.5 

169.0 

170.6 

172.2 

173.8 

175.4 

177.0 

178.6 

13.0 

180.2 

181.7 

183.3 

184.9 

186.5 

188.1 

189.7 

191.3 

192.9 

194.4 

14.0 

196.0 

197.6 

199.2 

200.8 

202.4 

204.0 

205.6 

207.1 

208.7 

210.3 

15.0 

211.9 

213.5 

215.1 

216.8 

218.5 

220.2 

221.8 

223.5 

225.2 

226.9 

TABLE  II. 

TABLE  OF  HARDNESS,  SHOWING  THE  PARTS  OF  CaCO3  IN  1,000,000  FOR 
EACH  TENTH  OF  A  CUBIC  CENTIMETER  OF  WEAK  SOAP  SOLUTION 
USED. 

Using  10  cc.  of  sample  of  water  plus  40  cc.  distilled  water. 


Soap 
Solution, 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

CC. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

0.0 

8.0 

16.0 

i!o 

24.0 

31.5 

39.5 

47.5 

55.5 

63.5 

71.5 

78.0 

84.5 

91.0 

2.0 

97.5 

104.0 

110.5 

117.0 

123.5 

130.0 

136.5 

143.0 

149.5 

156.0 

3.0 

162.5 

169.0 

175.5 

182.0 

188.5 

195.0 

201.5 

208.0 

214.5 

221.5 

4.0 

228.5 

235.5 

243.0 

250.0 

257.0 

264.5 

271.5 

278.5 

285.5 

293.0 

5.0 

300.0 

307.0 

314.5 

321.5 

328.5 

335.5 

343.0 

350.0 

357.0 

364.5 

6.0 

371.5 

378.5 

385.5 

393.0 

400.0 

407.0 

414.5 

421.5 

428.5 

435.5 

7.0 

443.0 

450.0 

457.0 

464.5 

471.5 

478.5 

485.5 

493.0 

500.0 

507.5 

8.0 

515.0 

522.5 

530.0 

537.5 

545.0 

552.5 

560.0 

567.5 

575.0 

582.5 

9.0 

590.0 

597.6 

605.5 

613.0 

620.5 

628.0 

635.5 

643.0 

650.5 

658.0 

10.0 

665.5 

673.0 

680.5 

688.0 

695.5 

703.0 

710.5 

718.5 

726.0 

734.0 

11.0 

742.0 

750.0 

758.0 

766.0 

774.0 

781.5 

789.5 

797.5 

805.5 

813.4 

12.0 

821.5 

829.5 

837.5 

845.0 

853.0 

861.0 

869.0 

877.0 

885.0 

893.0 

13.0 

901.0 

908.5 

916.5 

924.5 

932.5 

940.5 

948.5 

856.5 

964.5 

972.0 

14.0 

980.0 

988.0 

996.0 

1004.0 

1012.0 

1020.0 

1028.0 

1035.5 

1043.5 

1051.5 

15.0 

1059.5 

1067.5 

1075.5 

1084.0 

1092.5 

1101.0 

1109.0 

1117.5 

1126.0 

1134.5 

LABORATORY  NOTES 


41 


TABLE  III. 

TABLE  OF  HARDNESS,  SHOWING  THE  PARTS  OF  CaCO3  IN  1,000,000  FOR 
EACH  TENTH  OF  A  CUBIC  CENTIMETER  OF  STRONG  SOAP  SOLUTION 
USED. 

Using  50  cc.  of  sample. 


Soap 
Solution, 
cc. 

0.0 
cc. 

0.1 
cc. 

0.2 
cc. 

0.3 
cc. 

0.4 
cc. 

0.5 
cc. 

0.6 
cc. 

0.7 
cc. 

0.8 
cc. 

0.9 
cc. 

0.0 

0.0 

1.6 

4.8 

7.9 

11.1 

14.3 

16.9 

1.0 

19.5 

22.1 

24.7 

27.3 

29.9 

32.5 

35.1 

37.7 

40.3 

42.9 

2.0 

45.7 

48.6 

51.4 

54.3 

57.1 

60.0 

62.9 

65.7 

68.6 

71.4 

3.0 

74.3 

77.1 

80.0 

82.9 

85.7 

88.6 

91.4 

94.3 

97.1 

100.0 

4.0 

103.0 

106.0 

109.0 

112.0 

115.0 

118.0 

121.1 

124.1 

127.1 

130.1 

5.0 

133.1 

136.1 

139.1 

142.1 

145.2 

148.4 

151.6 

154.8 

157.9 

161.1 

6.0 

164.3 

167.5 

170.6 

173.8 

177.0 

180.2 

183.3 

186.5 

189.7 

192.9 

7.0 

196.0 

199.2 

202.4 

205.6 

208.7 

211.9 

215.1 

218.5 

221.8 

225.2 

TABLE  IV. 

TABLE  OF  HARDNESS,  SHOWING  THE  PARTS  OF  CaCO3  IN  1,000,000  FOR 
EACH  TENTH  OF  A  CUBIC  CENTIMETER  OF  STRONG  SOAP  SOLUTION 
USED. 

Using  10  cc.  of  sample  of  water  plus  40  cc.  distilled  water. 


Soap 
Solution, 
cc. 

0.0 
cc. 

0.1 
cc. 

0.2 
cc. 

0.3 
cc. 

0.4 
cc. 

0.5 
cc. 

0.6 
cc. 

0.7 
cc. 

0.8 
cc. 

0.9 
cc. 

0  0 

0  0 

8  0 

24.0 

39.5 

55.5 

71.5 

84.5 

1.0 
2.0 
3.0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 

97.5 
228.5 
371.5 
515.0 
665.5 
821.5 
980.0 

110.5 
243.0 
385.5 
530.0 
680.5 
837.5 
996.0 

123.5 
257.0 
400.0 
545.0 
695.5 
853.0 
1012.0 

136.5 
271.5 
414.5 
560.0 
710.5 
869.0 
1028.0 

149.5 
285.5 
428.5 
575.0 
726.0 
885.0 
1043.5 

162.5 
300.0 
443.0 
590.0 
742.0 
901.0 
1059.5 

175.5 
314.5 
451.0 
605.5 
758.0 
916.5 
1075.5 

188.5 
328.5 
471.5 
620.5 
774.0 
932.5 
1092.5 

201.5 
343.0 
485.5 
635.5 
789.5 
948.5 
1109.0 

214.5 
357.0 
500.0 
650.5 
805.5 
964.5 
1126.0 

LABORATORY  NOTES 


TABLE  V. 

TABLE   FOR   THE  PHOTOMETRIC  DETERMINATION  OF  SULPHURIC 

ACID. 


Depth 

SO3 

Depth 

SO3 

Depth 

SO3 

Depth 

S03 

in 

Parts  per 

in 

Parts  per 

in 

Parts  per 

in 

Parts  per 

cm. 

Million. 

cm. 

Million. 

cm. 

Million. 

cm. 

Million. 

.0 

522. 

4.0 

140. 

7.0 

81. 

10.0 

57. 

.1 

478. 

4.1 

137. 

7.1 

80. 

10.2 

56. 

.2 

442. 

4.2 

133. 

7.2 

79. 

10.4 

55. 

.3 

410. 

4.3 

131. 

7.3 

78. 

10.6 

54. 

.4 

383. 

4.4 

128. 

7.4 

77. 

10.8 

53. 

.5 

359. 

4.5 

125. 

7.5 

76. 

11.0 

52. 

.6 

338. 

4.6 

122. 

7.6 

75. 

11.2 

51. 

.7 

319. 

4.7 

119. 

7.7 

74. 

11.4 

50. 

.8 

302. 

4.8 

117. 

7.8 

73. 

11.6 

49. 

.9 

287. 

4.9 

115. 

7.9 

72. 

11.8 

48. 

2.0 

273.      i 

5.0 

113. 

8.0 

71. 

12.0 

47. 

2.1 

261. 

5.1 

110. 

8.1 

70. 

12.2 

47. 

2.2 

250. 

5.2 

108. 

8.2 

69. 

12.4 

46. 

2.3 

239. 

5.3 

106. 

8.3 

68. 

12.6 

45. 

2.4 

230. 

5.4 

104. 

8.4 

68. 

12.8 

44. 

2.5 

221. 

5.5 

103. 

8.5 

67. 

13.0 

43. 

2.6 

213. 

5.6 

101. 

8.6 

66. 

13.5 

42. 

2.7 

205. 

5.7 

99. 

8.7 

65. 

14.0 

41. 

2.8 

198. 

5.8 

97. 

8.8 

64. 

14.5 

39. 

2.9 

191. 

5.9 

96. 

8.9 

64. 

15.0 

38. 

3.0 

185. 

6.0 

94. 

9.0 

63. 

15.5 

37. 

3.1 

179. 

6.1 

93. 

9.1 

62. 

16.0 

36. 

3.2 

173. 

6.2 

91. 

9.2 

62. 

16.5 

35. 

3.3 

168. 

6.3 

90. 

9.3 

61. 

17.0 

34. 

3.4 

164. 

6.4 

88. 

9.4 

60. 

17.5 

33. 

3.5 

159. 

6.5 

87. 

9.5 

60. 

18.0 

32. 

3.6 

155. 

6.6 

86. 

9.6 

59. 

18.5 

31. 

3.7 

151. 

6.7 

84. 

9.7 

59. 

19.0 

30. 

3.8 

147. 

6.8 

83. 

9.8 

58. 

19.5 

29. 

3.9 

144. 

6.9 

82. 

9.9 

57. 

20.0 

29. 

LABORATORY  NOTES 


43 


TABLE  VI. 

FOR  THE  CONVERSION  OF  PARTS  PER  1,000,000  INTO  GRAINS  PER  GALLON, 

AND  VICE  VERSA:  ALSO,  FOR  COMPARING  DEGREES 

OF  HARDNESS. 


Degrees  of  Hardness. 

Parts  in 
1,000,000. 

Grains  in 
U.  S.  Stan- 
dard Gallon. 

Grains  in 
Imperial 
Gallon. 

French: 
Parts 
CaCO3  in 
1,000,000. 

English: 
Grains 
CaCO3  in 
Imperial 
Gallon. 

German: 
Parts  CaO 
in 
1,000,000. 

1 

.0584 

.07 

1 

.07 

0.6 

2 

.1167 

.14 

2 

.14 

1.1 

3 

.1751 

.21 

3 

.21 

1.7 

4 

.2335 

.29 

4 

.28 

2.2 

5 

.2919 

.35 

5 

.35 

2.8 

6 

.3502 

.42 

6 

.42 

3.4 

7 

.4086 

.49 

7 

.49 

3.9 

8 

.4670 

.56 

8 

.56 

4.5 

9 

.5254 

.63 

9 

.63 

5.0 

17.131 

1 

1.1992 

14. 

1 

08. 

34.262 

2 

2.3893 

29. 

2 

16. 

51.393 

3 

3.5975 

43. 

3 

24. 

68.524 

4 

4.7967 

67. 

4 

32. 

85.655 

5 

5.9958 

71. 

5 

40. 

102.786 

6 

7.1950 

86. 

6 

48. 

119.917 

7 

8.3942 

100. 

7 

56. 

137.048 

8 

9.5934 

114. 

8 

64. 

154.179 

9 

10.7925 

128. 

9 

72. 

14.286 

0.8339 

1 

1.8 

.12 

1 

28.571 

1.6678 

2 

3.6 

.25 

2 

42.857 

2.5017 

3 

5.4 

.38 

3 

57.143 

3.3356 

4 

7.1 

.50 

4 

71.428 

4.1695 

5 

9.0 

.63 

5 

85.714 

5.0033 

6 

10.7 

.75 

6 

100.000 

5.8372 

7 

12.6 

.88 

7 

114.286 

6.6711 

8 

14.3 

1.00 

8 

128.571 

7.5050 

9 

16.1 

1.13 

9 

44 


LABORATORY  NOTES 


TABLE  VII. 


Specific 
Gravity  at 
15°  C. 

Per  cent 
Strength. 

1^804  (Oil  of  vitriol)  

1.84 

100 

Sulphuric  acid 

1  82 

90 

1.73 

80 

1.61 

70 

1.39 

50 

HC1  (Hydrochloric  acid)  

1.20 

40.7 

1.18 

36.7 

1.12 

24.4 

1.10 

20.8 

By  weight: 


Specific 
Gravity  at 
20°  C. 

50  per  cent  alcohol 

914 

60  per  cent  alcohol 

892 

70  per  cent  alcohol 

868 

80  per  cent  alcohol  . 

844 

90  per  cent  alcohol  . 

818 

95  per  cent  alcohol. 

.805 

50  per  cent  is  made  from  100  cc.  of  95  per  cent  alcohol  +  90  cc.  water. 
60  per  cent  is  made  from  100  cc.  of  95  per  cent  alcohol  +  70  cc.  water. 
50  percent  is  made  from  100  cc.  of  90  per  cent  alcohol  +  84.7  cc.  water. 
60  per  cent  is  made  from  100  cc.  of  90  per  cent  alcohol  +  Ifrrfrcc.  water. 


LABORATORY  NOTES 


45 


TABLE  VIII. 

QUANTITY  OF  PURE  REAGENTS  REQUIRED  TO  REMOVE  ONE  POUND  OF 
INCRUSTING  OR  CORROSIVE  MATTER  FROM  THE  WATER. 


Incrusting  of  Corrosive 
Substance  held  in  Solution. 

Amount  of  Reagent. 
(Pure.) 

Foaming 
Matter 
Increased. 

Sulphuric  acid  .       

0  57   Ib     lime  plus   1  08   Ib 

soda  ash 

1  45  Ib 

Free  carbonic  acid  

1  27  Ib   lime 

None 

Calcium  carbonate  

0.36  Ib   lime  . 

None 

Calcium  sulphate  

0.78  Ib   soda  ash 

1  04  Ib 

Calcium  chloride     

0.96  Ib.  soda  ash 

1  05  Ib 

Calcium  nitrate 

0  65  Ib  soda  ash 

1  04  Ib 

Magnesium  carbonate 

1  33  Ib   lime 

Magnesium  sulphate  

0  47    Ib    lime  plus  0  88  Ib 

Magnesium  chloride  

soda  ash  
0  59   Ib     lime  plus    1  11   Ib 

1.181b. 

soda  ash  .  . 

1  22  Ib 

Magnesium  nitrate 

0  38   Ib     lime   plus   0  72   Ib 

Calcium  carbonate 

soda  ash  
1  71  Ib   barium  hydrate 

1.151b. 

Magnesium  carbonate 

4  05  Ib   barium  hydrate 

None 

Magnesium  sulphate  

1  42  Ib   barium  hydrate 

None 

Calcium  sulphate  

1.26  Ib.  barium  hydrate  

None 

In  precipitating  the  calcium  sulphate,  there  would  be  also 
precipitated  0.74  pound  of  calcium  carbonate  or  0.31  pound  of 
magnesium  carbonate,  the  1.26  pounds  barium  hydrate  per- 
forming the  work  of  0.41  pound  of  lime  and  0.78  pound  of  soda 
ash;  or  for  reacting  either  on  magnesium  or  calcium  sulphate, 
1  pound  of  barium  hydrate,  performs  the  work  of  0.33  pound 
of  lime  plus  0.62  pound  of  soda  ash,  and  the  lime  treatment  can 
be  correspondingly  reduced. — Report  of  Committee  on  Water 
Service  of  the  American  Railway  Engineering  and  Maintenance 
of  Way  Association,  Eng.  Record,  April  20,  1907. 


46 


LABORATORY  NOTES 


TABLE  IX. 

INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS  FOR  1905. 
(From  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  Vol.  XXVII,  No.  1.) 


O  =  16 

H  =  1 

Aluminum 

(Al) 

27  1 

26  9 

Barium  
Calcium               

....(Ba).... 
CCa) 

137.4 
40  1 

136.4 
39  7 

Carbon  

(C). 

12  00 

11  91 

Chlorine  
Chromium  

....(01).... 

.    (Cr).. 

35.45 
52  1 

35.18 
51  7 

Hydrogen  

.  .  (H)  .  . 

1  008 

1  00 

Iodine 

(I) 

126  97 

126  01 

Iron  
Lead  

....(Fe).... 
....(Pb).... 

55.9 
206.9 

55.5 
205  35 

Magnesium  
Manganese  
Nitrogen  ....        .... 

....(Mg)... 

....(Mn)... 

(N)    . 

24.36 
55.0 
14  04 

24.18 
54.6 
13  93 

Oxygen  

..(O) 

16  00 

15  88 

Phosphorus  

..(P).. 

31  0 

30  77 

Potassium  

.  .  (K)  .  . 

39  15 

38  85 

Silver  

(Ag).. 

107  93 

107  11 

Sodium 

CNa) 

23  05 

22  88 

Sulphur 

(S) 

32  06 

31  82 

Zinc  . 

(Zn) 

65  4 

64  9 

SCHEME  FOR  TESTING  BOILER   SCALE. 
Drop  several  small  fragments  of  the  boiler  scale  into  dilute  (l :  2)  muriatic  acid. 


A  brisk  efferves- 
cence shows 
that  the  scale 
is  largely  com- 
posed of 

Calcium  Carbonate 
(Limestone). 


After  the  action  of  the  acid  has  nearly  ceased,  heat 
the  acid  and  scale. 

A  deep  yellow  color  and  further  giving  off  of  gas 

indicates :  —  IRON  CARBONATE. 
After  the  action  of  the  acid  on  the  scale  has  ceased, 

dilute   and  pour  off  some  of  the  clear  liquid  into 

another  test  tube. 


The  residue  is 
the  Silica 
(sand)  and 
the  Clayey 
matter. 


To  the  clear  liquid  add  a  few  drops 
of  Chloride  of  Barium  Solution. 


A  white  powder 
or  precipitate 
indicates  Sul- 
phates. 


Solution 

= Soluble  Chlorides. 


CONVENIENT  DATA  47 


CONVENIENT  DATA. 

1  boiler  horsepower  is  computed  as  requiring  30  pounds  of  water 
per  hour. 

1  indicated  horsepower  requires,  in  large  condensing  engines, 
about  If  U.  S.  gallons  of  water  evaporated  per  hour. 

1  indicated  horsepower  requires,  in  small  non-condensing 
engines,  frequently  as  much  as  7  to  8  gallons  of  water  evapo- 
rated per  hour. 

1  pound  of  coal  will  evaporate  1  gallon  of  water  in  an  ordinary 
boiler. 

1000  gallons  of  water  of  143  parts  per  million  CaC03  degrees 
hardness  deposit  1.4  pound  scale  in  a  boiler. 


48  LABORATORY  NOTES 


SOME  USEFUL  REFERENCES. 

Value  of  Pure  Water.  By  George  C.  Whipple.  Published  by  John  Wiley 
&  Sons.  New  York. 

The  Filtration  of  Public  Water  Supplies.  By  Allen  Hazen.  Published  by 
John  Wiley  &  Sons.  New  York. 

Report  of  the  Commission  on  Additional  Water  Supply  for  the  City  of  New 
York,  Appendix  VI. 

Water  Supply.  By  William  P.  Mason.  Published  by  Wiley  &  Sons.  New 
York. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Standard  Methods  of  Water  Analyses,  to  the  Labora- 
tory Section  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association.  (Reprinted 
ftrom  the  Journal  of  Infectious  Diseases,  Supplement  No.  1,  May,  1905.) 

Eng/lllgp^lfeb.  16  and  Apr.  20,  1907.     114  Liberty  St.,  New  York. 

Department  of  Interior,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey: 

Underground  Water  Papers:  Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  Paper 
No.  160,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller.  (See  list  of  Underground  Water 
papers  at  the  end.) 

Field  Assay  of  Water,  No.  151,  by  Marshall  O.  Leighton.  (See  list  of 
Water  Supply  and  Irrigation  papers.) 

The  Corrosion  of  Iron.     By  W.  R.  Whitney.     Reprinted  from  the  Journal 
of  the  American  Chemical  Society.  Y~e  )t  &$  fa  S  ?  If* 
Also  by  W.  H.  Walker.  YO  ? ,  £  /  p.  /A  $1- 

Traite  de  L'Epuration  des  Eaux  Naturelles  et  Industrielles.  By  E.  Delhotel. 
Published  by  Baudry  &  Cie.  —  Editeurs. 

Chemistry  16  —  A  Course  for  Engineering  Students.  By  S.  W.  Parr.  Pub- 
lished by  the  University  of  Illinois. 

Water  and  Its  Purification.  By  S.  Rideal,  D.Sc.  Published  by  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  Co.  Philadelphia. 

The  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed  Water.  By  Wehrenfennig,  trans- 
lated by  D.  W.  Patterson.  Published  by  John  Wiley  &  Sons.  New 
York. 

Engine  Room  Chemistry.  By  Augustus  H.  Gill.  Hill  Publishing  Co.  New 
York. 

The  Examination  of  Waters  and  Water  Supplies.  J.  C.  Thresh.  H.  &  A. 
Churchill,  London. 

U.  S.  G.  S.  Bulletin  No.  330.     Frank  Wigglesworth  Clarke. 

U.  S.  G.  S.  Series  of  Water  Supply  Papers. 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture.     Office  of  Public  Roads.     Bull.  No.  30. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Action  on  metals 15 

Alkalinity 12 

Ammonia 19 

Brucine  test 8 

Calcium  carbonate 12 

Calcium  sulphate 14 

Carbon  dioxide 7 

Chlorine 20 

Copper 15 

Corrosion 8 

Hardness 5,  12,  14,  33 

Incrustants 9,  14 

Iron 9,  18 

Lead 15 

Magnesium 12,  13,  14 

Metals 17 

Nitrates 7 

Oxygen  consumed 20,  21 

Oxygen  dissolved 23,  24 

Pitting 27 

Reagents 33-36 

Remedies 26 

Standard  solutions 29-33 

Total  solids 9 

Turbidimeter 10 

Zinc  15 


49 


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*  Fiebeger's  Text-book  on  Field  Fortification Large  i2mo,  2  oo 

Hamilton  and  Bond's  The  Gunner's  Catechism i8mo,  i  oo 

*  Hoff' s  Elementary  Naval  Tactics 8vo,  i  50 

Ingalls's  Handbook  of  Problems  in  Direct  Fire 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lissak's  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.  Vols.  I.  and  II.  .8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Mahan's  Permanent  Fortifications.    (Mercur.) 8vo,  half  mor.  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

*  Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places I2mo,  2  oo 

*  Elements  of  the  Art  of  War 8vo,  4  oo 

Metcalf's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops.  .8vo,  5  oo 

*  Ordnance  and  Gunnery.     2  vols Text  i2mo,  Plates  atlas  form  5  oo 

Nixon's  Adjutants'  Manual 24mo,  i  oo 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

*  Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner i2mo,  4  oo 

Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War i8mo,  mor.  i  50- 

*  Tupes  and  Poole's  Manual  of  Bayonet  Exercises  and    Musketry  Fencing. 

24mo,  leather,  50 

*  Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 


ASSAYING. 

Betts's  Lead  Refining  by  Electrolysis 8vo,  4  oo 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments.  .  .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Methods  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Assaying i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo. ) i2mo,  2  50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process i2mo,  I  50 

Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50' 


ASTRONOMY. 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Crandall's  Text-book  on  Geodesy  and  Least  Squares 8vo,  3  oo 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  oo 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Rust's  Ex-meridian  Altitude,  Azimuth  and  Star-Finding  Tables.     (In  Press.) 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy I2mo,  2  oo 

3 


CHEMISTRY. 

Abdcrhaldcn's  Physiological  Chemistry  in  Thirty  Lectures.     (Hall  and  Defren). 
(In  Press.) 

*  Abegg's  Theory  of  Electrolytic  Dissociation,    (von  Ende.) I2mo,  i  25 

Adriance's  Laboratory  Calculations  and  Specific  Gravity  Tables lamo,  i  25 

Alexeyeff's  General  Principles  of  Organic  Syntheses.     (Matthews.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) Large  i2mo,  3  50 

Association    of  State  and  National  Food  and  Dairy  Departments,  Hartford 

Meeting,  1906 8vo,  3  oo 

Jamestown  Meeting,  1907 8vo,  3  oo 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students izmo,  i  50 

Baske»-ville's  Chemical  Elements.     (In  Preparation). 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

*  Blanchard's  Synthetic  Inorganic  Chemistry I2mo,  i  oo 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Claassen's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture.     (Hall  and  Rolfe.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Boltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Cohn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers i2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Danneel's  Electrochemistry.     (Merriam.) I2mo,  i   25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables  for  the  Determination  of  Minerals  by  their  Physical 

Properties 8vo,  125 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Erdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.     (Dunlap.) I2mo,  i   25 

*  Fischer's  Physiology  of  Alimentation Large  I2mo,  2  oo 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

I2mo,  mor.  i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  Part  I.  Descriptive.  (Wells.)  8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Cohn.)     2  vols 8vo,  12  50 

When  Sold  Separately,  VoL  I,  $6.     Vol.  II,  S8. 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Getman's  Exercises  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

*  Gooch  and  Browning's  Outlines  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis. 

Large  i2mo,  i   25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Wo  11.) i2mo,  2  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hanausek's  Microscopy  of  Technical  Products.     (Winton.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Haskins  and  Macleod's  Organic  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.) i2mo,  i  50 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

*  Herrick's  Denatured  or  Industrial  Alcohol 8vo,  4  oo 

Hinds's  Inorganic  Chemistry 8vo»  3  oo 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Holleman's    Laboratory   Manual    of   Organic    Chemistry  for   Beginners. 

(Walker.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.) 8vo,  2  -50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.) 8vo,  2  50 

Holley  and  Ladd's  Analysis  of  Mixed  Paints,  Color  Pigments,  and  Varnishes. 

Large  i2mo  2  50 
4 


Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Iddings's  Rock  Minerals 8vo,  5  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,  i  25 

Johannsen's  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals  in  Thin  Sections..  .8vo,  4  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  i  oo 

.Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lang\vorthy  and  Austen's   Occurrence   of  Aluminium  in  Vegetable  Prod- 

ucts, Animal  Products,  and  Natural  Waters 8vo,  2  oo 

Lassar-Cohn's  Application  of  Some  General  Reactions  to  Investigations  in 

Organic  Chemistry.  (Tingle.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Leach's  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  50 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments. ..  .8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Method  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Lunge's  Techno-chemical  Analysis.  (Cohn.) izmo  i  oo 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo,  i  50 

Maire's  Modern  Pigments  and  their  Vehicles i2mo,  2  oo 

Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory i2mo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe.  .  12 mo,  60 
Mason's  Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.).  .  .  .i2mo,  i  25 

Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from   a   Sanitary   Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Matthews's  The  Textile  Fibres.   2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  Carbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.).  .i2mo, 
Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo, 

Manual  of  Assaying : i2mo, 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.).  .  .  .  i2mo, 
Mixter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry i2mo, 


Morgan's  Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo, 

Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results I2mo, 

*        Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers I2mo, 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  mor. 


oo 

00 

oo 

50 

50 
oo 

00 

50 
50 

*  Muir's  History  of  Chemical  Theories  and  Laws 8vo,     4  oo 

Mulliken's  General  Method  for  the  Identification  of  Pure  Organic  Compounds. 

Vol.  I Large  8vo,  5  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ostwald's  Conversations  on  Chemistry.     Part  One.    (Ramsey.') i2mo,  150 

"  "  "  "  Part  Two.     (Turnbull.) i2mo,  200 

*  Palmer's  Practical  Test  Book  of  Chemistry i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.) .  .  .  .  i2mo,  i  25 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,        50 
Tables  of  Minerals,  Including  the   Use   of  Minerals  and  Statistics  of 

Domestic  Production 8vo,     I  oo 

Pictet's  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,    5  oo 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,    3  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,     i  50 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.. 8vo,    2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,    3  oo 

Rideal's  Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,    4  oo 

Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Riggs's  Elementary  Manual  for  the  Chemical  Laboratory 8vo,  i  25 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.  (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,  2  oo 

Whys  in  Pharmacy I2mo,  i  oo 

5 


Ruer's  Elements  of  Metallography.     (Mathewson).     (In  Preparation.) 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

Schimpf's  Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo,  i  25 

*  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  25 

Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo,  2  50 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) i2mo,  i  50 

Venable's  Methods  and  Devices  for  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Sewage 8vo ,  3  oo 

Ward  and  Whipple's  Freshwater  Biology.     (In  Press.) 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining.     Vol.  I Small  8vo,  4  oo 

"               "                      "             "         "               Vol.11 SmallSvo,  500 

Washington's  Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students i2mo,  i  50 

Text-book  of  Chemical  Arithmetic i2mo,  i  25 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process i2mo  i  50 

Cyanide  Processes i2mo  i  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo  7  50 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS.     HYDRAULICS.     MATERIALS   OF    ENGINEER- 
ING.    RAILWAY   ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments 12 mo,  3  oo 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  19^X24!  inches.  25 

Breed  and  Hosmer's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surveying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal 8vo,  3  50 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

*  Corthell's  Allowable  Pressures  on  Deep  Foundations I2mo,  125 

Crandall's  Text-book  on  Geodesy  and  Least  Squares 8vo,  3  oo 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage i2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  i  oo 

*Fiebeger's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  5  oo 

Flemer's  Phototopographic  Methods  and  Instruments 8vo,  5  oo 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 


French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo, 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements i2mo, 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo» 

*  Hauch  and  Rice's  Tables  of  Quantities  for  Preliminary  Estimates, I2mo, 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo, 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor. 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth "mo, 


*  Ives's  Adjustments  of  the  Engineer's  Transit  and  Level i6mo,  Bds.  25 

Ives  and  Hilts's  Problems  in  Surveying i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Kinnicutt,  Winslow  and  Pratt's  Purification  of  Sewage.     (In  Preparation). 
Laplace's    Philosophical   Essay    on    Probabilities.       (Truscott    and   Emory.) 

i2mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) .8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  mor.  2  oo 

Morrison's  Elements  of  Highway  Engineering.       (In  Press.) 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  half  leather,  7  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Riemer's  Shaft-sinking  under  Difficult  Conditions.     (Corning  and  Peele.) .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  I  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Soper's  Air  and  Ventilation  of  Subways.     (In  Press.) 

Tracy's  Plane  Surveying 16mo,  mor.  3  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Methods  and  Devices  for  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

*  Waterbury's  Vest-Pocket   Hand-book    of    Mathematics   for   Engineers. 

2!  X 5«  inches,  mor.  i  oo 
Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  mor.  i  25 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges.  .8vo,  2  oo 

Burr  and  Falk's  Design  and  Construction  of  Metallic  Bridges 8vo,  5  oo 

Influence  Lines  for  Bridge  and  Roof  Computations 8vo,  3  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo, 

Greene's  Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone. 8vo, 


Bridge  Trusses 8vo, 

Roof  Trusses.  „ 8vo, 

Grimm's  Secondary  Stresses  in  Bridge  Trusses 8vo, 

Heller's  Stresses  in  Structures  and  the  Accompanyin    Deformations 8vo, 

Howe's  Design  of  Simple  Roof-trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,    2  oo 

Symmetrical  Masonry  Arches 8vo,    2  50 

Treatise  on  Arches 8vo,    4  oo 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  4:0,  10  oo 

7 


Merriman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges : 

Part  I.      Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Part  II.    Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  III.  Bridge  Design 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IV.   Higher  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge Oblong  4to,  10  oo 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers i6mo,  mor,  2  oo 

*          Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  50 

Waddell  and  Harrington's  Bridge  Engineering.     (In  Preparation.) 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans.     Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Barnes's  Ice  Formation 8vo,  3  oo 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from 

an  Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels. 

Oblong  4to,  paper,  i  50 

Hydraulic  Motors 8vo,  2  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

FrizelTs  Water-power 8vo,  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works I2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Hering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Clean  Water  and  How  to  Get  It Large  I2mo,  i  5o 

Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water- works 8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Hoyt  and  Grover's  River  Discharge 8vo,    2  oo 

Hubbard  and  Kiersted's  Water- works  Management  and  Maintenance 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lyndon's  Development  and  Electrical  Distribution  of  Water  Power.  . .  .8vo,  3  oo 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Mo  liter's  Hydraulics  of  Rivers,  Weirs  and  Sluices.     (In  Press.) 

Schuyler's  Reservoirs  for  Irrigation,   Water-power,  and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Rivers 4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams.     5th  Ed.,  enlarged 4to,  6  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to  1895 4to,  10  oo 

Whipple's  Value  of  Pure  Water Large  i2mo,  i  oo 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Hydraulic  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

8 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Birkmire's  Architectural  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Compound  Riveted  Girders  as  Applied  in  Buildings 8vo,  2  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

Bleininger's  Manufacture  of  Hydraulic  Cement.      (In  Preparation.) 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering. 

Vol.    I.  Kinematics,  Statics,  Kinetics Small  4to,  7  50 

Vol.  II.  The  Stresses  in  Framed  Structures,  Strength  of  Materials  and 

Theory  of  Flexures Small  4to,  10  oo 

*Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Stone  and  Clay  Products  used  in  Engineering.     (In  Preparation.) 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Graves's  Forest  Mensuration 8vo,  4  oo 

Green's  Principles  of  American  Forestry i2mo,  i  50 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Holly  and  Ladd's  Analysis  of  Mixed  Paints,  Color  Pigments  and  Varnishes 

Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Kidder's  Architects  and  Builders'  Pocket-book i6mo,  5  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Maire's  Modern  Pigments  and  their  Vehicles   i2mo,  2  oo 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Rice's  Concrete  Block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Richardson's  Modern  Asphalt  Pavements 8vo,  3  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  an-i  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

*Schwarz'sLongleafPinein  Virgin  Forest  ., izmo,  i   25 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  5<> 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement "mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo»  3  5<> 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo«  2  5<> 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Maurer's  Principles  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Construction..  -8vo,  3  oo 
Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo»  4  oo 

9 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrews's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers 3x5  inches,  mor.  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 410,  5  oo 

Brooks's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

Butt's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

CrandalTs  Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Transition  Curve i6mo,  mor.  i  50 

*  Crockett's  Methods  for  Earthwork  Computations.. 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:    (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide.  .  .  i6mo,  mor.  2  50 
Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments  8vo,  i  oo 

Ives   and  Hilts's   Problems  in  Surveying,  Railroad   Surveying  and   Geodesy 

i6mo,  mor.     i  50 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6§no,     i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  mor.     3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers i6mo,  mor.    3  oo 

Raymond's  Railroad  Engineering.     3  volumes. 

Vol.      I.  Railroad  Field  Geometry.     (In  Preparation.) 

Vol.    II.  Elements  of  Railroad  Engineering 8vo,    3  50 

Vol.  III.  Railroad  Engineer's  Field  Book.     (In  Preparation.) 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  mor.     3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral i6mo,  mor.     i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,     i  50 

*Trautwine's  Field  Practice  of  Laying   Out  Circular  Curves   for  Railroads. 

i2mo.  mor,     2  50 

*  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Embank- 

ments by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

Webb's  Economics  of  Railroad  Construction Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Railroad  Construction i6mo,  mor.  5  oo 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  of  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 

DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,    2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,    3  oo 

*  "  "  "  Abridged  Ed 8vo,  150 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers  Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo,  2  50 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  oo 

Jamison's  Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing < 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.    Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oc 

Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

McLeod's  Descriptive  Geometry Large  i2mo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,    3  50 

10 


Moyer's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (R.  S.)  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i   25 

Warren's  Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations i2mo,  i   25 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  .  .  .  i .  2mo,  i  oo 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing I2mo,  i  50 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry I2mo,  i   25 

Problems,  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's     Kinematics    and    Power    of    Transmission.         (Hermann    and 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  (H.  M.)  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  (V.  T.)  Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  i  oo 

Free-hand  Perspective 8vo,  2  50 

Woolf's  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry Large  8vo,  3  oo 

ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

*  Abegg's  Theory  of  Electrolytic  Dissociation,     (von  Ende.) i2mo,  i   25 

Andrews's  Hand-Book  for  Street  Railway  Engineering, ...  .3X5  inches,  mor.,  i  25 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.) Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements.  .  .  .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Betts's  Lead  Refining  and  Electrolysis 8vo,  4  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.     (Boltwood.).8vo,  3  oo 

*  Collins's  Manual  of  Wireless  Telegraphy i2mo,  i  50 

Mor.  2  oo 

Crehore  and  Squier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Danneel's  Electrochemistry.     (Merriam.) i2mo,  i  25 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor  5  oo 

Dolezalek's  Theory  of  the  Lead  Accumulator  (Storage  Battery),    (von  Ende.) 

i2mo,  2  50 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Gilbert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents I2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.  2  50 

Hobart  and  Ellis 's  High-speed  Dynamo  Electric  Machinery.     (In  Press.) 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  oo 

Telescopic   Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests Large  8vo,  75 

*  Karapetoff 's  Experimental  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Kinzbrunner's  Testing  of  Continuous-current  Machines 8vo,  2  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chatelier's  High- temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  i2mo,  3  oo 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.     (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyndon's  Development  and  Electrical  Distribution  of  Water  Power  .  . .  .8vo,  3  oo 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.   Vols.  I.  and  II.  8vo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo,  4  oo 

11 


Morgan's  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solution  and  its  Results i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers i2mo,  i  50 

Niaudet's  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishback).  .  . .  I2mo,  2  50 

*  Norris's  Introduction  to  the  Study   of  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  2  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.      New  Edition. 

Large  12 mo,  3  50 

*  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.     (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner.).  .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Mgchinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Swapper's  Laboratory  Guide  for  Students  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics Large  i2mo,  2  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,    2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,    7  oo 

*  Sheep,     7  50 

*  Dudley's  Military  Law  and  the  Procedure  of  Courts-martial  ....  Large  i2mo,     2  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  mor.     i  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,    6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  , 8vo  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo, 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry.    (Bocher) i2mo, 

*  Buchanan's  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry 8vo, 

Byerley's  Harmonic  Functions 8vo, 

Chandler's  Elements  of  the  Infinitesimal  Calculus i2mo, 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mo, 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations Large  i2mo, 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo, 

Fiske's  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable 8vo, 

Halsted's  Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 

Elements  of  Geometry 8vo, 

*  Rational  Geometry I2mo, 

Hyde's  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis 8vo, 

*  Jonnson's  (J-  B.)  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:  Vest-pocket  size,  paper,         15 

100  copies,     5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8  X  10  inches,         25 

10  copies,  2  oo 
Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Abridged  Editions  ot  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus 

Large  i2mo,  i  vol.  2  50 

Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,  i  oo 

Differential  Equations 8vo,  i  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus.     (In  Press.) 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Large  I2mo,  i  50 

*  Theoretical  Mechanics 12010,  3  oo 

Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus Large  1 2mo,  3  oo 

Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations. .  Large  12 mo,  3  50 

12 


iaplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.). i2mo,     2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass's  Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,     3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,     2  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo,     i  oo 

Macfarlane's  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions 8vo,     i  oo 

McMahon's  Hyperbolic  Functions 8vo,     i  oo 

Manning's  IrrationalNumbers  and  their  Representation  bySequences  and  Series 

i2mo,     i  25 
Mathematical  Monographs.     Edited  by  Mansfield  Merriman  and  Robert 

S.  Woodward Octavo,  each     i  oo 

No.  i.  History  of  Modern  Mathematics,  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
No.  2.  Synthetic  Projective  Geometry,  by  George  Bruce  Halsted. 
No.  3.  Determinants,  by  Laenas  Gifford  Weld.  No.  4.  Hyper- 
bolic Functions,  by  James  McMahon.  Ko.  S-  Harmonic  Func- 
tions, by  William  E.  Byerly.  No.  6.  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis, 
by  Edward  W.  Hyde.  No.  7.  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors, 
by  Robert  S.  Woodward.  No.  8.  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions, 
by  Alexander  Macfarlane.  No.  9.  Differential  Equations,  by 
William  Woolsey  Johnson.  No.  10.  The  Solution  of  Equations, 
by  Mansfield  Merriman.  No.  n.  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable, 
by  Thomas  S.  Fiske. 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

Merif man's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,    2  oo 

Solution  of  Equations 8vo,    i  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one. 

Large  i2mo,     i  50 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus Large  i2mo,     3  oo 

Smith's  History  of  Modern  Mathematics 8vo,     i  oo 

*  Veblen  and  Lennes's  Introduction  to  the  Real  Infinitesimal  Analysis  of  One 

Variable 8vo,    2  oo 

*  Waterbury's  Vest  Pocket  Hand-Book  of  Mathematics  for  Engineers. 

2$X5t  inches,  mor.,    I  oo 

Weld's  Determinations 8vo,     i  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,    2  oo 

Woodward's  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors 8vo,    i  oo 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Bacon's  Forge  Practice i2mo,  i  50 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings i2mo,  2  50 

Bair's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,     150 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes i2mo,    2  oo 

*  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal 8vo,    3  50 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,    6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Large  i2mo,  4  oo 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal  Working I2mo,  i  50 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  Speed  Lathe I2mo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers   Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing I2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

13 


Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving 12010,  2  o° 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mo,  i  25 

Goss'r;  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Hobart  and  Eliis's  High  Speed  Dynamo  Electric  Machinery.     (In  Press.) 

Button's  Gas  Engine 8vo,  5  oo 

Jamison's  Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop  Tools  and  Methods} 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.    (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.) .  .8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;   or,  Practical  Mechanism. 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

MacFarland's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design  .  .  .  .Small  4to,  half  leather,  12  50 
Peele's  Compressed  Air  Plant  for  Mines.     (In  Press.) 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Porter's  Engineering  Reminiscences,  1855  to  1882 , 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richard's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press- working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Sorel's  Carbureting  and  Combustion  in   Alcohol  Engines.      (Woodward  and 

Preston.) Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics. 

I2mo3  i  oo 

Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in  Machinery  and  Mill  Work...  8vo3  3  oo 

Tillson's  Complete  Automobile  Instructor i6mo,  i  50 

mor.,  a  oo 

*  Titsworth's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing Oblong  8vo,  i  25 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

*  Waterbury's  Vest  Pocket  Hand  Book  of  Mathematics  for  Engineers. 

2!  X  5 1  inches,  mor.,  i  Oo 
Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the    Power    of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .3vo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Holley  and  Ladd's  Analysis  of  Mixed  Paints,  Color  Pigments,  and  Varnishes. 

Large  i2jno,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  a  50 

Lanza's  Applie4  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

14 


Maire's  Modern  Pigments  and  their  Vehicles i2mo,  2  oo 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*         Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering,  see  Civil  Engineering, 
page  9. 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Treatise  on    the    Resistance    of    Materials  and    an  Appendix  on  the 

Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo 


STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Berry's  Temperature-entropy  Diagram I2mo,  i  25 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) i2mo,  i  50 

Chase's  Art  of  Pattern  Making i2mo,  2  50 

Creighton's  Steam-engine  and  other  Heat-motors 8vo,  5  oo 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Performance 8vo,  5  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy i2mo,  2  oo 

Button's  Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam  boiler  Economy. 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  i  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Moyer's  Steam  Turbines.     (In  Press.) 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo.  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors 8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) I2mo,  i  2g 

Reagan's  Locomotives:    Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric.     New  Edition. 

Large  12 mo,  3  50 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Notes  on  Thermodynamics i2mo,  i  oo 

Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thomas's  Steam-turbines 8vo,  4  oo 

Thurston's  Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indi- 
cator and  the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  oo 

Handy  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation..8vo,    5  oo 

15 


Thurston's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I.     History,  Structure,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II.     Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice 12mo,  i  50 

Wehrenfenning's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water  (Patterson)  8vo,  4  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines. .  .8vo,  4  oo 

MECHANICS  PURE  AND  APPLIED. 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo  ' 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  oo 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools.  .i2mo,  i  50 
Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics: 

Vol.      I.     Kinematics 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.    II.     Statics 8vo,  4  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  4to,  7  50 

Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

James's  Kinematics  of  a  Point  and  the  Rational  Mechanics  of  a  Particle. 

Large  12mo,  2  oo 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics 12mo,  3  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

*  Martin's  Text  Book  on  Mechanics,  Vol.  I,  Statics 12mo,  i  25 

*  Vol.  2,  Kinematics  and  Kinetics  .  .I2mo,     1  50 
Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Mechanics 12mo,     i  oo 

Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Sanborn's  Mechanics  Problems Large  I2mo,  i  50 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics 12mo,    I  25 

MEDICAL. 

Abderhalden's  Physiological  Chemistry  in  Thirty  Lectures.     (Hall  and  Defren). 

(In  Press), 
von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,     i  oo 

*  Bolduan's  Immune  Sera i2mo,     i  50 

Davenport's  Statistical  Methods  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Varia- 
tions   i6mo,  mor.,     i  50 

Ehrlich's  Collected  Studies  on  Immunity.     (Bolduan.) 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Fischer's  Physiology  of  Alimentation Large  i2mo,  cloth,  2  oo 

de  Fursac's  Manual  of  Psychiatry.     (Rosanoff  and  Collins.) Large  i2mo,  2  50 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  on  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  ..8vo,  i  25 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.     (Lorenz.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Mandel's  Hand  Book  for  the  Bio-Chemical  Laboratory i2mo,  i  50 

*  Pauli's  Physical  Chemistry  in  the  Service  of  Medicine.     (Fischer.).  ..  .I2mo,  i  25 

*  Pozzi-Escot's  Toxins  and  Venoms  and  their  Antibodies.     (Cohn.) i2mo,     i  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,     i  oo 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,     2  oo 

Whys  in  Pharmacy i2mo,  i  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Satterlee's  Outlines  of  Human  Embryology I2mo,  i  25 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50 

16 


Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,  3  50 

*  Whipple's  Typhoid  Fever Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 

Worcester  and  Atkinson's  Small  Hospitals  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 

and  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture,  with  Plans  for  a  Small 

Hospital I2mo,  I  25 

METALLURGY. 

Betts's  Lead  Refining  by  Electrolysis 8vo.  4  oo 

Bolland's  Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms    Used 

in  the  Practice  of  Moulding I2mo,  3  oo 

Iron  Founder 12mo.  2  50 

Supplement 12mo,  2  50 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects I2mo,  i  oo 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals:     A  Reference  Book , . . .  .  i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting 12mo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess.)  12mo,  3  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users 12mo,  2  oo 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process 12mo  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.)...  .  12mo,  2  50 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Ruer's  Elements  of  Metallography.     (Mathewson).     (In  Press.) 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines 12mo,  i  co 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering,  see  Civil  Engineering, 
page  9. 

Part    II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Hike's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

"West's  American  Foundry  Practice I2mo,  2  50 

Moulders  Text  Book I2mo,  2  50 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process 12mo,  i  50 

Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.    Oblong,  morocco,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo  3  oo 

Boyd's  Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form.  2  oo 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Butler's  Pocket  Hand-Book  of  Minerals 16mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Crane '  s  Gold  and  Silver .     ( I  n  Press . ) 

Dana's  First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "  System  of  Mineralogy. ." .  .  Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography i2mo  2  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them I2mo,  i  50 

System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather,  12  50 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects ! . .  .  I2mo.  i  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables - 8vo,  i  25 

Stone  and  Clay  Products  Used  in  Engineering.     (In  Preparation). 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

17 


*  Iddings's  Rock  Minerals 8vo,  5  oo 

Johannsen's  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals  in  Thin  Sections 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe.  12010,  60 
Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals:  Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  500 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Tables    of    Minerals,    Including   the  Use  of  Minerals  and  Statistics  of 

Domestic  Production 8vo,  i  oo 

Pirsson's  Rocks  and  Rock  Minerals.     (In  Press.) 

*  Richards's  Synopsis  of  Mineral  Characters I2mo,  mor.  i  25 

*  Ries's  Clays:  Their  Occurrence,  Properties,  and  Uses 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Tollman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

MINING. 

*  Beard's  Mine  Gases  and  Explosions Large  12010,  3  oo 

Boyd's  Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Crane's  Gold  and  Silver.     (In  Press.) 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects i2mo,  I  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8yo»  4  oo 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Iles's  Lead-smelting I2mo,  2  50 

Miller's  Cyanide  Process i2mo,  i  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Peele's  Compressed  Air  Plant  for  Mines.     (In  Press.) 

Riemer's  Shaft  Sinking  Under  Difficult  Conditions.     (Corning  and  Peele) ..  .8vo,  3  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Weaver's  Military  Explosives 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining.     2d  edition,  rewritten i2mo,  2  50 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation i2mo,  i  25 

SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Association  of  State  and  National  Pood  and  Dairy  Departments,  Hartford  Meeting, 

1906 8vo,  3  oo 

Jamestown  Meeting,  1907 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Bashore's  Outlines  of  Practical  Sanitation 12mo,  i  25 

Sanitation  of  a  Country  House 12mo,  i  oo 

Sanitation  of  Recreation  Camps  and  Parks 12mo,  i  oo 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.  (Designing,  Construction,  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering gvo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses 12mo,  2  oo 

Fuertes's  Water-filtration  Works 12mo,  2  50 

Water  and  Public  Health 12mo,  i  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection 16mo,  i  oo 

*  Modern  Baths  and  Bath  Houses 8vo,  3  oo 

Sanitation  of  Public  Buildings 12mo,  i   50 

Hazen's  Clean  Water  and  How  to  Get  It Large  12mo,  i  50 

Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinnicut,  Winslow  and  Pratt 's  Purification  of  Sewage.     (In  Press.) 

Leach's   Inspection   and    Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference   to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  oo 

Mason's  Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological) 12mo,  i  25 

Water-supply.  (Considered  principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint).  .8vo,  4  oo> 
18 


*  Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,    2  oo 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design I2mo,    2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8vo,     2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis 12mo, 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation 12mo, 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries 12mo, 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science 12mo, 

Cost  of  Shelter 12mo, 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  Dietary  Computer 8vo, 

Richards  and   Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 


point.  8vo, 

Rideal's   Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo, 


So 
50 
oo 
oo 
oo 
50 

00 

00 

Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  4  oo 

Soper's  Air  and  Ventilation  of  Subways.     (In  Press.) 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Method  and  Devices  for  Bacterial  Treatment  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  oo 

Ward  and  Whipple's  Freshwater  Biology.     (In  Press.) 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

*  Typhod  Fever Large  12mo,  3  oo 

Value  of  Pure  Water Large  I2mo,  i  oo 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,    7  50 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vo,  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo,  4  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i8mo,  i  oo 

Gannett's  Statistical  Abstract  of  the  World 24mo,  75 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management 12mo,  2  50 

*  Hanusek's  The  Microscopy  of  Technical  Products.     (Winton) 8vo,  5  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1894. 

Large  i2mo,  3  oo 

Rother  ham's  Emphasized  New  Testament Large  8vo,  2  oo 

Standage's  Decoration  of  Wood,  Glass,  Metal,  etc 12mo,  2  oo 

Thome's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany.     (Bennett) 16mo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider) 8vo,  2  oo 

Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy 12mo,  i  50 


HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar i2mo,    i  25 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,    5  oo 

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